Lab midterm 2 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
what are the 4 main functions of the digestive system
A
- transportation and storage of food
- mechanical breakdown of food
- chemical breakdown of food
2
Q
what does the gall bladder do
A
stores and concentrates bile from the liver
3
Q
what does the liver do
A
filters and detoxifies blood and produces bile
4
Q
what do the small intestines do
A
digests food and absorbs nutrients
5
Q
what do large intestines do
A
absorbs water and electrolytes and vitamins, forming and propelling feces
6
Q
what does the pancreas do
A
regulating blood sugar by releasing hormones (insulin)
7
Q
what does the pyloric sphincter do
A
governs passage of food out of the stomach into small intestine
8
Q
what does the spleen do
A
controls level of blood cells and filters blood and removes old/damaged RBCs
9
Q
what does cecum do
A
absorb fluids + salts and mixes contents with a lubricating substance
10
Q
do pigeons have a gall bladder
A
no
11
Q
what does the esophagus widen into in birds
A
crop
12
Q
what does the crop do
A
stores food temporarily
13
Q
what are the 2 parts of bird stomach and what do they do
A
proventriculus - chemical digestion
gizzard - mechanical digestion
14
Q
where are small stones stored in pigeon digestive system
A
gizzard
15
Q
what does colic ceca do
A
house bacteria, microbial fermentation
16
Q
what does colic ceca separate
A
small and large intestines
17
Q
what is the site of cellulose digestion in rabbit
A
cecum
18
Q
what does rabbit do to fully absorb all the nutrients released by cecum
A
rabbit eats cecal dropping (cecotropes), intestines can then absorb already digested nutrients
second time through the rabbit excretes feral droppings
19
Q
is cecum longer in cat or rabbit
A
rabbit
20
Q
what is the epiglottis
A
flap that prevents food from going down trachea
21
Q
what is the glottis
A
the opening to the windpipe
22
Q
what is the general trend in circulatory systems
A
shift from ancestral single circuit (ex: shark) to more complex circulatory systems
23
Q
how does circulatory system in shark work
A
deoxygenated blood is pumped first to gills (where it is oxygenated) before continuing on to deliver oxygen to capillary beds of body
24
Q
what are the 2 systems in 2 circuit system
A
pulmonary circuit: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
systemic circuit: blood pumps through body
25
does the mudpuppy have gills or lungs
both
26
does mudpuppy have single or double circuit
can alternate between the 2
27
does turtle have single or double circuit
both, alternates
28
why is the reason turtle's alternate between single and double circuit different than mud puppies
- mud puppies have both lungs and gills
- turtle lacks gills, and primarily uses lungs for oxygenation of blood. But they can stop breathing while underwater (stops blood flow to lungs + switch to single circuit)
29
what is the evolutionary trend in regards to renal portal system
dependence of renal portal systems decreases as kidney changes and BP increases
30
what is renal portal system like in sharks
renal portal system provided high volume low pressure blood to the kidneys to collect plasma that leaked out of collecting ducts
31
what is renal portal system like in mudpuppy and turtle
retain renal portal vein with a couple of changes
some blood returning from the tail can now bypass the renal portal system and blood that passes through the kidneys is now returned via posterior vena cava
32
do mammals have renal portal system
no
33
why dont mammals have renal portal system
BP in dorsal aorta is high enough to provide blood for filtration and do provide blood to collect the plasma that leaks out
34
do birds use renal portal system
sorta
can provide BP from the renal portal system and from the high pressure dorsal aorta
35
do mud puppies gave a reinforced trachea
and why
no
since push air instead of pulling it
36
how many gills/aortic arches do mud puppies have
3
37
what is mudpuppy circulatory system transitional between
aquatic and terrestrial
38
what terrestrial things do we see addition of in mudpuppies
lungs, pulmonary circuit, and division of atrium into 2 chambers
39
what is the mudpuppy version of posterior cardinal vein in sharks
inferior vena cava (or post caval vein)
(mud puppies have posterior cardinal vein too but its reduced)
40
what is renal portal system like in mud puppies
retains a renal portal system but its reduced and integrated with systemic circuit
41
do mud puppies have celiac artery
no
42
what does shape of turtle ventricle do
minimizing blood mixing while allowing the heart to shunt blood
43
do turtles have left and right arches
yes
44
do pigeons have fully divided hearts
yes
45
how many systemic arches do mammals and birds have
1
46
what is different between mammal and bird systemic arches
mammals have arch on left
birds have arch on right
47
is braciocephalic shorter in cats or rabbits
rabbits
48
what are the 2 parts of the urogenital system and what do they consist of
uro: excretory potion (excretes nitrogenous waste) : kidneys, bladder, and associated structures
genital: reproductive function: gonads
49
what is kidney like in vertebrate embryos
long structure located along dorsal wall
50
what are 3 parts of embryo kidney
anterior: pronephros
middle: mesonephros
posterior: metanephros
51
what is a opisthanephric kidney
consists of mesoneohros and metanrphros
52
what is a metanephtic kidney
only has metanephros
53
what is same and different between osithanephric and metanephric kidneys
both excrete nitrogenous waste
but metanephric is modified to conserve water ( concentrated urine)
54
what kind of kidney do fish and amphibians have
opisthanephric
55
what kind of kidney do amniotes have
metanephric kidney
56
what are the 3 ways reproductive systems can be classified as
oviparous: female lays eggs
viviparous: embryo develops inside body
ovivivparpousL embryos noruished by yolks but occurs inside body and gives birth to live young
57
where are testes in dogfish
anterior
58
where are kidneys in mudpuppies
kidneys in a more posterior position so testes are too
59
are amniote testes position dependent on kidneys
no, position is independent of kidneys
60
how does mudpuppy reproduction work
internal fertilization but no copulation
male deposits spermatophore packages, female picks them up with cloaca and stores them in spermathecae
61
where is kidney in mudpuppies
embedded in dorsal wall
62
what kind of kidney do turtles have
metanephric kidney
63
are turtle kidneys embedded in dorsal wall
no
64
where does fertilization take place in turtles and pigeons
anterior end of oviduct
65
what way has pigeon urogenital system been modified
reduce weight for flight
no bladder, urine is not stored prior to release
right side of female reproductive system is lost
66
do most bird species have male copulatory organs
no
67
is vas defrens (or ductus) or ureter coiled
vas defrens
68
is oviduct coiled or straight
coiled
69
what does oviduct do
collects eggs from ovary
70
what happens to left ovary in birds during development
atrophies to save weight
71
what kind of kidney do cats have
metanephric
72
do male cats have internal or external testes
external
73
what is a os penis
penis bone
74
do cats have a os penis
yes but it is reduced
75
what is a bipartite uterus
has separate horns that join in a single body with a single cervix
76
what kind of uterus do cats have
bipartite uterus
77
what is the ball in sac in sac in cat testes
testes in scrotum in cremasteric pouch
78
what do prostate glands produce
fluid that nourishes/transports seem (seminal fluid)
79
what does the bulbourethral gland do
adds fluid to sperm
80
why are cat ovaries so small
since eggs dont have yolks
81
what is the baculum
penis bone
82
what is special about rabbit balls
can retract them into inguinal canal in response to cold or threat
83
do rabbits have a os penis
no
84
what is a duplex uterus
uterus has 2 separate horns each with own cervix
85
what kind of uterus do rabbits have
duplex uterus
86
what makes up axial skeleton
skull + vertebrae + ribs
87
what part of vertebrae protects the nerve cord
neural arch
88
what does the neural spine do
supports muscle attachement
89
what does the transverse process do
extends from vertebra
supports runs and/or provides additional surface for muscle attachment
90
what way does prezygapophyses face
dorsally
91
what way does postzygoghyses face
ventrally
92
what do zygapophyses allow for
mobility of the vertebral column while stabilizing bucking and torsion
93
what are the 2 solutions amniotes evolved to protect nerve cord and provide support, while allowing for flexibility (and what is each one allow for)
- strategy 1: involves 2 joints - hinge joint between atlas and a occipital condyles. 2nd joint is a pivot joint between atlas and axis
- strategy 2: involves 1 joint - skull has single occipital condyle that articulates with atlas in ball and socket joint
94
what are the regions of tetrapod vertebral column
- cervical vertebrae: normally lack ribs , between head and trunk vertebrae
- trunk vertebrae: found between pectoral and pelvic girdles
- sacral vertebae: fused with sacrum which is fused with pelvic girdle
- caudal vertebrae : support tail
95
what vertebrae are not subject to buckling or torsion
caudal vertebrae
96
why dont caudal vertebrae have zygapophyses
to allow for greater flexibility
97
what are trunk vertebrae divided into in mammals
- lumbar vertebrae : dont bear ribs
- thoracic vertebae: support ribs
98
what is a urostyle
in frogs several posterior vertebrae fuse to form a rod-like urostyle
urostyle + modified pelvic girdle provide rigid structure that contributes to mechanisms of swimming/jumping
99
in turtles what do vertebral column and girdles provide a scaffold for
carpace
100
what makes up appendicular skeleton
forelimbs + hindlimbs + girdles
101
what is a pectoral girdle comprised of
paired scapulas and may include other bones (ex: clavicles and coracoid)
102
what is glenoid fossa
part of scapula that articulates with humerus
103
is shape/articulation more variable in pelvic or pectoral girdle
pectoral
104
is pectoral girdle fused with vertebral column
no
105
what does pelvic girdle articulate
left + right femurs
106
what is pelvic girdle comprised of
ilia, ischia, pubis
107
what does ilia fuse with and what does it do
fuses with 1 or more vertebrae to stabilize pelvis
108
what is the acetabulum
on each side of pelvic girdle
where femur sits
109
is pelvic girdle fused with ribs
yes
110
what is plantigrade foot posture like
phalanges and metatarsals on ground
111
what is digitigrade foot posture like
only phalanges on ground (walks/runs on toes)
112
what is uniguligrade foot posture like
lifts both phalanges and metatarsals off the ground (walking on nails)
113
what is most stable foot posture
plantigrade
114
what is fastest foot posture
unilguligrade
115
what are2 general trends in skeletal adaptations for flight
- skeleton modified to reduce weight
- increased strength and stability
116
what is different about bird forelimb bones
humerus is short and stout
reduction in number of forelimb bones
117
how does rigid vertebral column contribute to flight
contributes to mechanisms of flight and helps stabilize centre of gravity
118
what do sacral vertebrae fused with additional vertebrae form
synsacrum
119
what does furcula do to help per flight
stores energy from downstroke and releases it for upstroke
120
what is a pygostyle
posterior caudal vertebrae are fused into a bone plate called a pygostyle
supports feathers of tail and contributes to control of tail feathers
121
what is a stratum corneum
outermost layer of epidermis
122
what does stratum corneum consist of
layer of dead cells and their derivatives
123
what is cornifcation
process of making keratin and related structures
124
what does cornfication provide
a protective layer to skin of terrestrial tetrapods
125
are claws or nails or hooves the ancestral trait
claws
126
are lepidosaur scales homologous with fish scales
no
127
what are turtle shells comprised of
outer layer: keratinous scales
inner layer: bone
128
what do horns consist of
keratin sheath growing on core of live bone (continuously grow throughout life)
