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KNES360 > LAB MIDTERM > Flashcards

LAB MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood pressure

A

function of arterial blood flow per minute (Q) and the vascular resistance to the flow (TPR)

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2
Q

1st Korotkoff Sound

A

Systolic - pressure against artery walls by blood when heart beats

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3
Q

2nd Korotkoff Sound

A

Diastolic - pressure against artery walls by blood during rest

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4
Q

increase in exercise effect on blood pressure

A

systolic increases, diastolic remains the same (or decreases slightly due to vasodilation)

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5
Q

Normal BP

A

<120/<80

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6
Q

Prehypertension

A

120-139/80-89

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7
Q

Stage 1 Hypertension

A

140-159/90-99

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8
Q

Stage 2 Hypertension

A

> 160/>100

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9
Q

Cardiac Output (Q)

A

total volume of blood pumped by ventricle per minute [L of blood/min]

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10
Q

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

A

cumulative resistance (pressure) of vasculature - mostly located in arterioles

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11
Q

Information that can be obtained from ECG

A

heart rate, heart rhythm, axis/orientation, hypertrophy, Ischemia/MI (depression/elevation), CAD

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12
Q

Ischemia

A

reduced oxygen to myocardium, appears on ECG as ST segment depression

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13
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

ECG determines extent and location of damage, appears on ECG as ST segment elevation

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14
Q

order of intrinsic conduction

A

SA node -> AV node -> AV Bundle -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers

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15
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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16
Q

QRS Complex

A

ventricular depolarization (and atrial repolarization) - size of ventricles directly related to height/size of peak

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17
Q

ST segment

A

early ventricular depolarization - elevation/depression represents problems with blood flow

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18
Q

T wave

A

late ventricular repolarization

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19
Q

purpose of resting ECG

A

taken laying on back, used to establish baseline for comparison, can be used to detect heart conditions such as hypertrophy, ischemia, MI damage, etc.

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20
Q

graded exercise ECG

A

used to observe BP and HR response to exercise, some diseases may respond normally at rest, but abnormally with stress of exercise

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21
Q

how does ECG work

A

electrodes attached to skin capture voltage that flows between 2 points and records on graph paper - ECG records electrical activity generated by heart muscle depolarizations which propagate in pulsating electrical waves towards the skin

22
Q

Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC)

A

occurs when a site in ventricle fires before the depolarization wave reaches the ventricle from the SA node (only serious if occurs in succession - common with caffeine use)

23
Q

absolute contraindications to stop GXT

A
  • onset of moderate/severe angina
  • drop in systolic BP
  • serious arrythmia
  • signs of poor perfusion
  • ST elevation > 2mm
  • severe shortness of breath
  • technicians inability to monitor test
  • subjects request
24
Q

relative contraindications to stop GXT

A
  • increasing chest pain
  • fatigue/shortness of breath/wheezing
  • leg cramps
  • hypertensive response (SBP>260, DBP>115)
  • HR increasing
  • ST depression > 2mm
  • less serious arrythmias
25
Q

lead vs. electrode

A

lead - 12 different angles along which the heart’s depolarization is measured and recorded, allows for all phases of cardiac cycle to be adequately observed
electrode - stuck to skin, using gel to increase conductivity, connect lead to body

26
Q

VO2

A

oxygen consumption - volume of oxygen used by body tissues in order to produce energy per unit of time
relative - mL/kg/min (relative to body mass)
absolute - L of O2/min

27
Q

determinants of oxygen consumption

A

(1) oxygen delivery (Q = HR x SV)

(2) oxygen utilization - cellular capabilities of muscle for metabolism

28
Q

Oxygen Utilization

A

ability of cell to extract oxygen, ability of cell to use oxygen - dependent on metabolic enzymes, capillary density, mitochondria size and number

29
Q

Oxygen Delivery

A

CV and pulmonary systems to transport oxygen to cells - dependent on cardiac output and ventilation

30
Q

oxidative pathway

A

ability to make ATP to be used in metabolism to create energy

31
Q

mechanisms to increase oxygen delivery during exercise

A
  • increased cardiac hemodynamics
  • shunting of blood to skeletal muscle
  • increase oxygen extraction by skeletal muscles
32
Q

What is a MET?

A

metabolic equivalent
1 MET = 3.5 mLO2/kg/min or 5kcal
relative VO2 divided by 3.5 = MET value

33
Q

why SUB-maximal testing

A

maximal testing may not be practical due to equipment, expertise, etc.
linear relationships between HR & power, VO2 & power and HR & VO2 allow for estimates

34
Q

factors that affect VO2 MAX

A
  • training status
  • age
  • gender
35
Q

why do males have higher VO2 max than females

A

males have about a 15-30% higher VO2 than females - men have less fat and greater lean muscle mass which is what consumes oxygen
men have more hemoglobin concentration than females due to increased testosterone

36
Q

Monark Cycle

A

mechanically braked cycle ergometer, can increase resistance by tightening on the flywheel, can also maintain a constant work rate as long as cadence is kept constnat (rev/min)

37
Q

work rate

A

product of force and distance divided by time (watts or kg*m/min)

38
Q

metronome

A

keeps an even steady cadence, typically 50 rev/min

39
Q

heart rate monitor

A

placed at level of breastbone - sensor at center of chest, use gel to increase conductvity - make sure belt is snug for accurate readings

40
Q

Borg’s RPE scale

A

6-20 scale, “how hard do you feel the exercise work rate is?”, should reflect total amount of exertion/fatigue

41
Q

what is sub-max testing

A

individual exercises to about 85% of estimated VO2 max value

designated steps with increasing intensity of stages - HR and work rate increase

42
Q

Fick Equation

A

Q = VO2/ (a-v)O2 Difference

43
Q

Peak VO2

A

highest VO2 achievable in a certain bout of physical activity - no plateau

44
Q

Maximal VO2

A

highest VO2 achievable in any bout of physical activity - VO2 plateaus after reaching VO2 Max with continued exercise

45
Q

VO2 equation using O2 measurements

A 
VO2 = (Vi x O2i%) - (Ve x O2e%)
Vi = volume inhaled
O2i = percent oxygen inhaled
Ve = volume exhaled
O2e = percent oxygen exhaled
46
Q

how to measure room air and inhaled/exhaled air

A
  • respiratory equipment (air volume meter, ventilator hose, etc.)
  • metabolic gas equipment (O2 and CO2 analyzers)
47
Q

criteria for a true max test

A
  • respiratory exchange ratio (RER) > 1.15
  • RPE >17
  • venous lactate concentration > 8 mmol/L
  • plateau of VO2 despite an increase in WR
  • failure to increase HR with increase exercise intensity (reaching age-predicted max HR is not a good indicator that effort was because there is high inter-subject variability with this estimation)
48
Q

respiratory exchange rate (RER)

A

Volume CO2 produced divided by volume O2 consumed - estimates the composition of the fuels being used/oxidized
RER ranges from 0.7 (“pure fat oxidation”) to 1.0 (“pure carbohydrate oxidation”)

49
Q

plateau of VO2 max

A

failure to increase oxygen uptake by 0.15 L/min with increased work load

50
Q

Bruce Protocol (modified)

A

diagnostic test used to measure cardiac function - modified protocol starts test off at a lower intensity level and reaches stage 1 of standard bruce protocol by stage 3

KNES360 (1 decks)

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