**Lab** Muscular skeleton & Neurovasculature of the Back **

Question 1

Describe: amelia and meromelia

Answer 1

he birth defect of lacking one or more limbs. It can also result in a shrunken or deformed limb. For example, a child might be born without an elbow or forearm. The term may be modified to indicate the number of legs or arms missing at birth, such as tetra-amelia for the absence of all four limbs. A related term is meromelia, which is the partial absence of a limb or limbs.

Question 2

Describe Cleft lip (cheiloschisis) and cleft palate (palatoschisis):

Answer 2

Cleft lip palate: Cleft lip (cheiloschisis) and cleft palate (palatoschisis): which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate, are variations of a type of clefting congenital deformity caused by abnormal facial development during gestation. A cleft is a fissure or opening—a gap. It is the non-fusion of the body’s natural structures that form before birth (incomplete migration)

Question 3

What is syndactyly:

Answer 3

webbed fingers (syndactyly): failure of apoptosis between the fingers

Question 4

Describe the following position and planes:
Anatomical position:
Sagittal: 
Coronal: 
Horizontal (transverse):

Answer 4

Anatomical position: arms and legs extended with palms supinated, spine is erect
Sagittal: splits body into L and R
Coronal: splits body into front and back
Horizontal (transverse): splits body into top and bottom

Question 5

Define: 
Medial: 
Lateral: 
Distal: 
Proximal: 
Ipsilateral: 
Contralateral:

Answer 5

Medial: towards midline
Lateral: away from midline
Distal: away from the trunk
Proximal: towards the trunk (most proximal point is the umbilicus
Ipsilateral: occurring on same side of body
Contralateral: occurring on opposite sides of body

Question 6

Define: 
Supination: 
Pronation:
Flexion:
Extension:

Answer 6

Supination: palm up
Pronation: palm down
Flexion: ie elbow bent / palm moving up towards head, moving trunk or head forwards toward the ground
Extension: straightening leg or elbow, bending trunk/head backwards

Question 7

Differentiate the axial and appendicular skeleton:

Answer 7

Axial skeleton: spine including the skull

Appendicular: appendages (limbs) including the shoulder and pelvic girdles

Question 8

Identify the five regions of the vertebral column, including the normal and abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column.

Answer 8

Cervical: normal lordosis curve
Thoracic: normal kyphosis curve
Lumbar: normal lumbar curve
Sacral: fused bone of 5 vertebral segments
Coccygeal: Sacrum and coccyx have kyphotic curve

Question 9

Vertebral body:

Answer 9

Vertebral body: anterior aspect with largest part with vertebral discs sitting on top

Question 10

Neural arch

Answer 10

Vertebral (neural) arch: consists of two pedicles, two laminae and seven processes
vertebral foramen

Question 11

Pedicles:

Answer 11

Pedicles: the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures

Question 12

Laminae

Answer 12

Laminae (2/vertebra) (M p 447, 450)

Portion of the neural arch from the tranverse process to the spinous process.

Question 13

Pars interarticularis:

Answer 13

Pars interarticularis: located between the inferior and superior articular processes of the facet joint.
(important in spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis (M p 478- 479)

Question 14

spinous process

Answer 14

spinous process (1/vertebra; these are rudimentary in some vertebrae): posterior projection for muscle attachment

Question 15

transverse processes

Answer 15

transverse processes (2/vertebra; rudimentary in some vertebrae): lateral projection for muscular attachment

Question 16

zygapophysial (facet) joints:

Answer 16

zygapophysial (facet) joints: bone to bone connections
sacral promontory: marks part of the border of the pelvic inlet, and comprises the iliopectineal line and the linea terminalis.[1] The sacral promontory articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the sacrovertebral angle
sacral hiatus: The laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra, and sometimes those of the fourth, do not meet at the back, and thus a hiatus or deficiency occurs in the posterior wall of the sacral canal.

Question 17

posterior longitudinal ligaments:

Answer 17

situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the body of the axis; also has an anterior counterpart running along the vertebral bodies

Question 18

nuchal ligament

Answer 18

nuchal ligament: extends from the external occipital protuberance on the skull and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra in the lower part of the neck.

Question 19

Interspinous ligament:

Answer 19

Interspinous ligament: thin and membranous ligaments, that connect adjoining spinous processes of the vertebra in the spine

Question 20

ligamentum flavum

Answer 20

connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, all the way from the second vertebra, axis, to the first segment of the sacrum. They are best seen from the interior of the vertebral canal; when looked at from the outer surface they appear short, being overlapped by the lamina of the vertebral arch.

Question 21

Meningocele

Answer 21

meningocele:
the vertebrae develop normally, but the meninges are forced into the gaps between the vertebrae. As the nervous system remains undamaged, individuals with meningocele are unlikely to suffer long-term health problems, although cases of tethered cord have been reported. Causes of meningocele include teratoma and other tumors of the sacrococcyx and of the presacral space, and Currarino syndrome.

Question 22

meningomyelocele

Answer 22

meningomyelocele:
results in the most severe complications.[12] In individuals with myelomeningocele, the unfused portion of the spinal column allows the spinal cord to protrude through an opening.

Question 23

spina bifida occulta

Answer 23

spina bifida occulta:
This is the mildest form of spina bifida.[1] In occulta, the outer part of some of the vertebrae is not completely closed.[2] The splits in the vertebrae are so small that the spinal cord does not protrude. The skin at the site of the lesion may be normal, or it may have some hair growing from it; there may be a dimple in the skin, or a birthmark.

Question 24

osteopyhyte:

Answer 24

Osteophytes, commonly referred to as bone spurs or parrot beak,[1] are bony projections that form along joint margins.[2] They should not be confused with enthesophytes, which are bony projections that form at the attachment of a tendon or ligament

Question 25

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: trapezius

Answer 25

trapezius Origin external occipital protuberance,nuchal ligament, medial superior nuchal line, spinous processes ofvertebrae C7-T12 Insertion posterior border of the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula Artery descending (superficial) branch of transverse cervical artery Nerve spinal accessory nerve (motor) cervical spinal nerves C3 and C4 (motor and sensation)[2] Actions rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula Antagonist serratus anterior muscle,Latissimus dorsi

Question 26

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: latissimus dorsi

Answer 26

Origin Spinous processes of vertebraeT7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs and inferior angle of scapula Insertion Floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus Artery Thoracodorsal branch of the subscapular artery Nerve Thoracodorsal nerve Actions Adducts, extends and internally rotates the arm

Question 27

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: levator scapulae

Answer 27

levator scapulae Origin Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae Insertion Superior part of medial border of scapula Artery dorsal scapular artery Nerve cervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5) Actions Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

Question 28

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: rhomboid major

Answer 28

rhomboideus major ``` Origin spinous processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae Insertion medial border of the scapula, inferior to the insertion of rhomboid minor muscle Artery dorsal scapular artery Nerve dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5) ```

Question 29

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: rhomboid minor

Answer 29

rhomboideus minor ``` Origin nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7–T1 Insertion Medial border of scapula, superior to the insertion of rhomboid major muscle Artery Deep branch transverse cervical artery Nerve dorsal scapular nerve (C4–5) Actions Retracts and rotates scapula, fixes scapula to thoracic wall Antagonist serratus anterior ```

Question 30

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: splenius

Answer 30

Splenius group-superficial layer (base of neck) Origin Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T3 Insertion Mastoid process of temporal andoccipital bone Artery Muscular branches of the aorta Nerve Posterior ramus of spinal nerves C3and C4 Actions Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head

Question 31

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: eretor spinae group (also name the three muscles of this group)

Answer 31

Erector spinae group-intermediate layer iliocostalis (lateral column) longissimus (intermediate column) spinalis (medial column) ``` Origin Spinous processes of T9-T12thoracic vertebræ, medial slope of the dorsal segment of illiac crest Insertion spinous processes of T1 and T2 thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae Artery lateral sacral artery Nerve posterior branch of spinal nerve Actions extends the vertebral column ```

Question 32

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: serratus anterior

Answer 32

serratus anterior (M p 698-9), Origin fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs Insertion costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula Artery lateral thoracic artery (upper part), thoracodorsal artery (lower part) Nerve long thoracic nerve (from roots ofbrachial plexus C5, 6, 7) Actions protracts and stabilizes scapula, assists in upward rotation.

Question 33

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: serratus posterior inferior

Answer 33

serratus posterior inferior (M p 482; Fig. 1.12A, p 88) ``` Origin Vertebrae T11 - L2 Insertion The inferior borders of the 9th through 12th ribs Artery Intercostal arteries Nerve Intercostal nerves T9 through T12 Actions Depress the lower ribs, aiding inexpiration ```

Question 34

Describe the triangle of auscultation borders:

Answer 34

Superiorly and medially, by the inferior portion of theTrapezius Inferiorly, by the Latissimus Dorsi Laterally, by the medial border of the scapula The superficial floor of the triangle is formed by the Serratus anterior and the lateral portion of the erector spinae muscles. Deep to these muscles are the osseous portions of the 6th and 7th ribs and the internal and external intercostal muscles. Typically, the Triangle of Auscultation is covered by the Scapula. To better expose the triangle and listen to respiratory sounds with a stethoscope,

Question 35

Name the origin, insertion, artery, nerve and action for the following muscle: serratus posterior superior

Answer 35

serratus posterior superior muscles: Origin Nuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) and the spinous processesof the vertebrae C7 through T3 Insertion The upper borders of the 2nd through 5th ribs Artery Intercostal arteries Nerve 2nd through 5th intercostal nerves Actions Elevates the ribs which aids in inspiration