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LAB ONE Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the 4 branches of Anthropology?

A

Archaeology, cultural, biological, linguistic

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1
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate, and a base

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2
Q

What is Archaeology?

A

Study of material culture of past human life and culture by examination of physical remains such as graves, tools, pottery(fossils)

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

Provisional explanation of phenomenon- scientific problem or an assumption

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4
Q

Law

A

A statement of fact

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5
Q

Linguistic anthropology

A

Study of the difference of languages and the relationship between the language and the culture

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6
Q

What are the four bases on a strand of DNA?

A

Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, and cytosine

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7
Q

ACGT

A

TGCA

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8
Q

Biological anthropology

A

The study of humans as organisms.

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9
Q

What does science mean?

A

The process of explaining natural phenomena through observation and experimentation

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10
Q

Scientific method

A

A hypothesis is suggested and data is collected to test hypothesis

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11
Q

Empirical

A

Something you can see or measure

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12
Q

Binomial nomenclature?

A

A 2 name system created by Linnaeus to identify and group organisms

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13
Q

Evolution?

A

Change over time in the distribution of genes in a population

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14
Q

Name the 2 different types of hypothesis

A

Falsifiable which is capable of being proven wrong through observation

Un falsifiable: cannot be proven wrong no way to make observations to prove or disprove. Untestable

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15
Q

Who is Linnaeus?

A

A Swedish naturalists, one of the fathers if ecologist, created hierarchical naming and binomial nomenclature a 2 naming system to identify and group diff organisms. Genus and species

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16
Q

Who is Paley?

A

British philosopher and theologian who believed in a creator. Variation is unimportant, species are static and goal oriented

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17
Q

Who is Darwin?

A

naturalist Who Created the theory of Natural selection. Variation within species no goal orientation. Species evolve over time to better adapt to their environment. Over time can produce change in population or species

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18
Q

Who is Buffon?

A

Buffon was a geologist who influenced Darwin with his idea that there was a dynamic relationship between organisms and an environment. 1700’s

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19
Q

Who is Lamarck?

A

Naturalists in 1800s believed in transmutation and inheritance of genes

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20
Q

Who is Cuvier?

A

Geologist and creator Of paleontology. Against the idea of species change. Believed in catastrophism which meant great catastrophes were the explanation to extinct species

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21
Q

Lyell?

A

Geological formations occur through gradual not catastrophic processes. UnIformitanism. The geological processes must operate slow and gradual

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22
Q

Malthus?

A

Economist who believed disease and famine act as a check on population growth competition for resources and only those best adapted will survive.

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23
Q

What is UNIFORMITARISM ?

A

The geological processes observed today are the same as in the past so processes at work on the planet have been uniform per time. Geological process must be slow and gradual

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24
Reproductive fitness?
Reproductive fitness is success producing offspring that grow to reproduce
25
Wallace?
Was developing same ideas as Darwin
26
What were the problems with Darwin's theory?
Didn't know how Variation happened or how inheritance worked.
27
Genetics?
The study of how genes work and how traits are transmitted from one generation to another
28
Proteins?
Building blocks of the body
29
Gene?
A sequence of DNA responsible for making a protein
30
DNA?
A double helix structure located on the cell nucleus
31
Who discovered DNA structure?
James Watson, Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin created high quality image of the DNA
32
How are base pairs grouped?
Adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine
33
What are protein strands built out of?
Amino acids
34
Eukaryotes?
Multiple called organism
36
Prokaryote?
Single celled organisms like bacteria or anthrax
37
How many Chromosomes?
46 or 23 pairs
38
Somatic cells vs gametes
Somatic cells make up most of our bodies and gametes are the sex cells somatic are diplod
39
Transcription?
Copying DNA into mRNA
40
Translation?
Sequence of codons is translated into a sequence of amino acids
41
RNA
RNA is single stranded and uses uracil instead of thymine
42
Meiosis?
Gametes are created in this process and divide twice because when an egg and Sperm cell meet they combine and have 46 total.
43
Mitosis?
Somatic cells make up the structure of the body and are not involved in reproduction. During this process they duplicate so each cell has a full new set of chromosomes.
44
What are amino acids?
Some are eaten some are made by the body. 20 different kinda when combined make different proteins
45
Erasmus?
Darwin's grandpa who believed in gradual change and some form of evolution
46
Natural selection:
A means of organisms adapting/changing to become better fit for their environment
47
Genetic Drift
By chance allele frequencies change from generation to generation without regard to selection
48
Gene flow:
The transfer of alleles of genes from one population or individual to another
49
Mutation
A change in nucleotide sequence
50
Law of segregation
Mendel's law of segregation, states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.
51
Law of independent assortment
Allele pairs separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes. This means traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another
52
Replication
Strands unzip and free nucleotides re bind
53
What causes mutation?
Copying errors or exposure to chemical mutagens, radiation, r viruses
54
Mendel?
experimenting with pea plants he was able to identify that genes are passed down from both parents, can be identified in different ways and act as discreet units. The law of segregation and independent assortment
55
Gene pool
The entire collection of alleles in a population
56
Lineage?
An evolving species
57
Speciation:
Producing new species from an old one
58
Gradualistic Evolution
Gradual change of a species through time
59
Genotype
Combination of your alleles
60
Phenotype
Expressed physical appearance
61
Point mutation
A single error in the genetic molecule
62
Modern Synthesis is the combination of what?
Natural selection and genetics
63
Mendelian simple
Found at a single locus Only 2 alleles Dominant or recessive
64
Complex
Polygenic More then 2 alleles Can be partially dominant or partially expressed
65
Mayr on species
Mary believed the key to identifying species is determining whether they share reproduction within a population of organisms and whether there are barriers to reproduction with other organisms. So using the idea of reproductive separation I species to answer the what and how when identifying species
66
Problem with mayrs idea
Not all organisms like bacteria and eukaryotes engage in sexual reproduction. Therefore the idea that sexual reproduction defines species is not appropriate.
67
Simpson on species
Simpson believed that a species is an evolutionary lineage that has evolved separately from other species. Organisms in a species share in the process of evolution. This covers organisms that do not engage in sexual reproduction
68
Problem with Simpsons
It doesn't cover birds or mammals or any organism with multiple species. It does cover those that do not engage in sexual reproduction
69
Cultural anthropology
Study of societies and all aspects if human behavior
70
Scientific Fact
Ideas that have been confirmed through controlled rigorous verified observation
71
Theory
A model that explains diverse events
72
Important functions of DNA
Making proteins and replicating itself
73
Codon
3 bases grouped together=1 | Each codon corresponds to one amino acid
74
What does higher fitness mean?
Higher fitness means greater representation of advantageous traits in subsequent generations this differential success is called natural selection
75
Insert deletion mutation
Insert or deletion of one or more nucleotides result in a different amino acid which could code for a different protein
76
Crossing over
After replication of the chromosomes they go through a phase called crossing over during which alleles on the bono chromosomes (one mom and one dad) are randomly shuffled and pieces of the chromosome break off and switch with the same portions on its homo chromosome. this result in genetic mixing and variation among individual organisms

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