lab practical 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
levels of organization
A
- cell: the smallest living unit of the body
- tissue: many cells and some surrounding material
- organ: combination of tissues
- organ system: combination of various organs make up a specific system
- organism: humans are composed of 11 organ systems
2
Q
anatomical position
A
- ALL discussion of the human body is in reference to the anatomical position
1. standing with feet flat on the floor facing forward
2. eyes are straight ahead
3. hands are at the side
4. palms are facing forward
3
Q
supine
A
lying down (face up) in the anatomical position
4
Q
prone
A
lying down (face down) in the anatomical position
5
Q
superior
A
towards the head end of the body
6
Q
inferior
A
toward or away from the head
7
Q
posterior (dorsal)
A
the back of the body
8
Q
anterior (ventral)
A
the front of the body
9
Q
proximal
A
nearest point of attachment to limb or structure
10
Q
distal
A
farthest away from attachment or origin
11
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline (middle) of the body
12
Q
medial
A
toward the midline (middle) of the body
13
Q
frontal (coronal) plane
A
front/back (anterior & posterior)
14
Q
transverse (horizontal) plane
A
top & bottom (superior & inferior)
15
Q
sagittal plane
A
left & right
16
Q
abdominopelvic quadrants
A
- right upper quadrant
- left upper quadrant
- right lower quadrant
- left lower quadrant
** right and left of anatomical images are opposite of your right and left**
17
Q
abdominopelvic regions
A
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
- right iliac region
- hypogastric region
- left iliac region
18
Q
what do you use to change the contrast on a microscope
A
use the diaphragm
19
Q
iris diaphragm (microscope)
A
- decreases amount of light as it makes the light more unidirectional
- it changes depth of the field and image contrast
20
Q
how to find the total magnification for a microscope
A
(total) magnification = ocular x objective
- oculars the part you look through –> think binOCULARS
- always 10x
21
Q
objectives (microscope)
A
the silver cylinders
22
Q
4x objective
A
red stripe
23
Q
10x objective
A
yellow stripe
24
Q
40x objective
A
blue stripe
25
100x objective
black stripe
26
field of view
area seen through binoculars
27
URI microscopes are parcentral and parfocal, define these
parcentral: the area in the center of view is what you see when you move from low to higher power objective (center of the field of view remains the same)
parfocal: the part of slide in focus at lower power is still in focus at higher power. After scope is in focus on low power, DO NOT LOWER the stage when changing to higher power objectives (image remains in focus)
28
depth of field (microscopes)
amount of image that you can view while in focus
**note: you can change depth of field by changing iris aperture diaphragm setting
29
when using a microscope steps
1. check light is turned low before starting
2. start with lowest objective (4x)
3. adjust oculars to your own eye focusing ability & width
4. add the slide
5. raise the stage
6. focus the microscope, progressively increasing magnification as needed
30
major body cavities (lateral view)
- dorsal body cavity: cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
- thoracic cavity
- diaphragm
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
31
major body cavities (anterior view)
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
- ventral body cavity (both thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)
- abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal cavity + pelvic cavity
- thoracic cavity: super mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial
- diaphragm
32
proper focusing technique
The proper focusing technique for a microscope involves starting with the lowest power objective lens and gradually increasing magnification while carefully adjusting the focus knobs.
33
Describe and demonstrate the proper techniques for use and care of a compound microscope.
- when transporting a microscope use two hands (one on the base and the other on the arm)
- never touch the lens with your fingers use only specialized lens paper + lens cleaning solution
- when entering a slide make sure the stage is in its lowest position and the objective lens are in the lowest magnification
- for highest magnification (usually 100x) use immersion to improve the resolution and clarity of the image
34
coarse focus
The coarse focus knob is used to quickly move the objective lens closer to or farther away from the specimen. This is used to bring the image into approximate focus.
35
fine focus
The fine focus knob is used to make precise adjustments to the image. This is used to sharpen the focus quality of the image after it has been brought into focus with the coarse focus knob.
36
integumentary system function
protection from environmental hazards; temperature control
37
skeletal system function
support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation
38
muscular system function
locomotion, support, heat production
39
nervous system function
directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
40
what is histology?
the study of tissues
---> slides are STAINED to visualize different structures within that tissue
41
main tissue types (4)
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. nervous
4. muscle
42
characteristics of epithelial tissues
- cells bound closely together
- free (apical) surface
- attached to underlying connective tissue by BASEMENT MEMBRANE
- AVASCULAR (lacks blood vessels)
- continual replacement or regeneration of cells
43
classification of epithelial
- 2 parts to each name
1. number of cell layers
- simple (single layer)
- stratified (multiple layers)
- pseudostratified (columnar only)
2. cell shape
- squamous (flat)
- cuboidal (square)
- columnar (rectangular)
44
connective tissue types (3)
1. connective tissue proper --> loose or dense
2. fluid connective tissue ---> blood or lymph
3. supporting connective tissue ---> cartilage or bone
45
connective tissue formula (what it is composed of) (3)
1. ground substance - fluid like
2. fibers - protein based
3. cells - specialized
46
types of cartilage (3)
1. hyaline
2. fibrocartilage
3. elastic
47
hyaline cartilage
- most common
- matrix is closely packed with collagen
- tough but flexible
- reduces friction between bones
48
elastic cartilage
- contains elastic fibers
- resilient and flexible
49
fibrocartilage
- little ground substance
- matrix made up of densely woven collagen fibers
- durable and tough: resists compression, absorbs shock
50
3 types of muscle tissue
1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth
51
nerve tissue
- what are neurons made up of?
- neurons and neuroglia
- neurons are made up of a cell body, dendrites, axon
52
stains
dyes used to visualize different structures
- one of the most common stains used in histology is the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain
53
describe what happens when H&E stain is used
- when H&E stain is used, the nuclei of cells are dyed blue by the hematoxylin
- the eosin affects a range of other structures. Collagen shows up as pale pink, while muscle fibers are a darker pink.
54
behind the scenes: staining the slides
- Acidophilic cytoplasm will be red and basophilic cytoplasm is
purple. Red blood cells will show up, fittingly, bright red.
* The chemical processes used to process slides also tend to dilute
fat. This is why adipose vacuoles look white
55
parts of bone (osseos) tissue
(4)
* Osteon: The whole tree
* Osteocytes: Cells
* Lamella: like rings of a tree
* Central (Haversian) Canal: the
middle
56
integumentary system
consists of
The skin and associated
structures (i.e. hair and
nails)
57
3 layers of the skin
1. epidermis
2. dermis: start to see blood vessels
3. hypodermis: start to see adipose tissue (fat)
58
epidermis
- layers of the epidermis (5)
- Outer layer of skin. Avascular,
superficial epithelium.
Layers:
* Stratum corneum
* Stratum lucidum
* Stratum granulosum
* Stratum spinosum
* Stratum germinativum/basale
59
Come Lets Get Some Brownies
Stratum +
Corneam
Lucidum (thick skin only)
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
60
dermis
- layers of the dermis (2)
* Middle layer of skin; underlying
connective tissue
LAYERS
1. Papillary layer - superficial dermis
--->Tactile receptor (an older name is
Meissner’s corpuscle)
2. Reticular layer - deep dermis
---> Lamellated receptor (an older name is
the Pacininan corpuscle) - senses
pressure
* Sweat glands
61
hypodermis (aka subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia)
* Not normally considered a
part of the integument
* Mostly functions in fat storage
– adipose tissue!
* Subcutaneous plexus - network
of blood vessels in the
hypodermis
62
thick vs thin skin
Thick Skin (i.e. palms, soles)
* No hair
* No sebaceous glands
* ALL 5 layers
Thin Skin
* Hair
* Sebaceous Glands
* Smooth Muscle
* 4 layers (no stratum lucidum)
63
head
cephalic
64
skull
cranium
65
face
facial
66
forehead
frons
67
eye
oculus or orbital
68
ear
auris or otic
69
cheek
bucca/buccal
70
nose
nasus/nasal
71
mouth
oris or oral
72
chin
mentis
73
neck
cervicis/cervical
74
body less head, neck and limbs
trunk
75
shoulder
acromial
76
back
dorsum/dorsal
77
chest
thoracis/thoracic
78
breast
mamma
79
abdomen
abdomen
80
navel
umbilicus
81
pelvis
pelvis
82
upper extremity
upper limb
83
armpit
axilla
84
arm
brachium/antebrachial
85
front of elbow
antecubitis/antecubital
86
back of elbow
olecranon
87
forearm
Antebrachium/antebrachial
88
wrist
carpus/carpal
89
palm
palma/palmar
90
thumb
pollex
91
digits or phalanx
fingers
92
hand
manus
93
groin
inguen/inguinal
94
pubis/pubic
pubis
95
loin
lumbus/lumbar
96
buttock
gluteus
97
lower extremity
lower limb
98
thigh
femur/femoral
99
kneecap
patella/patellar
100
leg
crus/crural
101
calf
sura/sural
102
ankle
tarsus
103
foot
pes
104
heel of foot
calcaneus
105
sole of foot
planta
106
digits or phalanx
toes
107
great toe
hallus
108
areolar
- type of connective tissue
- consists of ground substance
- collagen and elastic fibers
- variety of cells including fibroblasts (create and maintain connective tissue)
- highly vascularized, flexible, and able to support and cushion surrounding organs and tissues
109
adipose tissue
- type of connective tissue
- helps with energy storage and insulation
110
what do all 3 cartilages have
all cartilage types contain chondrocytes, which are embedded within a matrix and reside in small cavities called lacunae
111
cells of the blood
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
112
what are intercalated discs
specialized junctions that connect cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) to each othe
113
tactile receptors
- found in the upper dermis but project into the epidermis
- allow us to feel touch, vibration, texture, and pressure
114
pacinian receptor
- found in deep within the dermis
- detect vibrations and deep pressure in the skin
