lab practical Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
magnification formula
A
objective * ocular = total magnification
2
Q
molarity formula
A
moles / liters
3
Q
weight/volume solutions
A
x1/FV = x2/IV where x1 is unknown weight, x2 is known weight, FV is final volume, and IV is initial volume
4
Q
PCR formula
A
copies = starting amount of DNA * 2^number of cycles
5
Q
field diameter formula
A
D1* M1 = D2 * M2 where D is diameter and M is objective magnification
6
Q
pH formula
A
pH = -log [H+] and [H+] = 10^-pH
7
Q
volume/volume solutions
A
v1/FV = v2/IV where v1 is unknown volume, v2 is known volume, FV is final volume needed, and IV is initial volume of solution
8
Q
nano
A
n, 10^-9
9
Q
micro
A
u, 10^-6
10
Q
milli
A
m, 10^-3
11
Q
centi
A
c, 10^-2
12
Q
kilo
A
k, 10^3
13
Q
mega
A
M, 10^6
14
Q
giga
A
G, 10^9
15
Q
how many microliters is 1mL
A
1000
16
Q
how many milliliters is 6000uL
A
6
17
Q
how many microliters is 0.03mL
A
30
18
Q
how many milliliters is 500uL
A
0.5
19
Q
what is the glassware that looks like a triangle called
A
erlenmeyer flask
20
Q
what is the glassware that looks like a cup called
A
beaker
21
Q
what is the skinny glassware called
A
graduated cylinder
22
Q
what is the tiny plastic tube called
A
PCR tube
23
Q
what is the 1.5mL plastic tube called
A
centrifuge tube
24
Q
what pH is neutral
A
7
25
what pH is basic
14
26
what pH is acidic
1
27
which is the conjugate base and which is the weak acid: CH3COOH and CH3COO-
cb: CH3COO- wa: CH3COOH
28
which is the conjugate base and which is the weak acid: HCO-3 and H2CO3
cb: HCO-3 wa: H2CO3
29
how do you know something is the conjugate base
it has one less H
30
what are the six steps of the scientific method
observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusion
31
hypothesis statement
if, then
32
carbs monomer
monosaccharides
33
proteins monomer
amino acids
34
lipids monomer
glycerol/fatty acids
35
nucleic acids monomer
nucleotides
36
what are the two ends of amino acid chains
amino terminal and carboxyl terminal
37
what are the bonds in amino acids called
peptide bonds
38
what reaction is used to connect 2 amino acids
dehydration synthesis
39
what is the name of the bond that holds 2 monosaccharides together
glycosidic bond
40
what 3 elements make up carbs
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
41
what are the parts of a fatty acid
polar, hydrophilic head and nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
42
what is the name of the bond that connects fats
ester bond
43
what is the name of the bond that connects nucleic acids
phosphodiester bond
44
what are the 2 types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
45
what is replaced in RNA
thymine -> uracil
46
dipole moment is pointed in what direction in relation to H
away, as its +
47
what does Sudan IV test for
lipids/fats
48
what does a positive Sudan IV test look like
two distinct layers with red on top
49
what does a Biuret assay test for
proteins
50
what does a positive Biuret assay look like
purple
51
what does Benedict's test test for
reducing sugars
52
what does a positive Benedict's test look like
red
53
what does a moderately positive Benedict's test look like
green
54
what are the two types of enzyme-substrate complexes
induced fit and lock + key
55
what are the two types of enzyme inhibition
competitive and non-competitive
56
what do phosphatases do
remove phosphates
57
what defines primary structure of a protein
amino acid chain
58
what defines secondary structure of a protein
formation of alpha helix and beta sheet
59
what defines tertiary structure of a protein
R groups interact to make a 3D shape
60
what defines quaternary structure of a protein
made up of multiple tertiary structures
61
enzyme that breaks down starch
amylase
62
what does starch break down into
short polysaccharides and maltose
63
what are lipids broken down by
lipase
64
what is a triglyceride broken down into
glycerol and fatty acids
65
what enzyme breaks down proteins
pepsin
66
what are proteins broken down into
short peptides and amino acids
67
hypotonic
water moves into cell
68
hypertonic
water moves out of cell
69
isotonic
water moves both in and out
70
hypotonic animal cell
lysis
71
isotonic animal cell
normal
72
hypertonic animal cell
crenation
73
hypotonic plant cell
turgor (normal)
74
isotonic plant cell
flaccid
75
hypertonic plant cell
plasmolysis
76
uniporter
one substrate, moves in one direction
77
symporter
two substrates, moves in one direction
78
antiporter
two substrates, move in opposite directions
79
where does direct active transport get energy from
ATP
80
where does indirect active transport get energy from
another molecule’s concentration gradient (Cl-)
81
what does a channel protein do
allows molecules to flow through them
82
what does a carrier protein do
holds onto a molecule and pushes it to the other side of the membrane
83
oxidation is
losing electrons
84
reduction is
gaining electrons
85
what is oxidized in succinate to fumarate
succinate
86
what is reduced in succinate to fumarate
FAD becomes FADH2
87
glycolysis occurs where
cytoplasm
88
gross number of molecules of ATP made in glycolysis
4, 2 are used
89
what are the products of glycolysis
pyruvate, NADH, ATP
90
where does the TCA cycle occur
mitochondria
91
TCA cycle flowchart
1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 acetyl CoA -> 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
92
molecules used in ETC
NADH and FADH2
93
ATP generated in ETC by NADH
3
94
ATP generated in ETC by FADH2
2
95
total amount of ATP per glucose
34
96
dcpip oxidized color
blue
97
dcpip reduced color
clear
98
types of anaerobic respiration
lactic acid, alcohol fermentation
99
alcohol fermentation produces what
2 ATP, 2 CO2, 2 ethanol
100
lactic acid fermentation produces what
2 ATP, 2 lactate
101
what produces pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation
lactate dehydrogenase
102
where does transcription occur
nucleus
103
where does translation occur
cytoplasm
104
what helps with transcription
RNA polymerase
105
what are the start and stop codons
UAG, UGA, UAA = stop, AUG = start
106
human ploidy
2n = 46
107
what cells are diploid
somatic cells
108
what cells are haploid
gametes
109
what are the steps in DNA extraction
lysis buffer, potassium acetate, isopropanol, 70% ethanol, nuclease free water
110
what does lysis buffer do
breaks open cell and exposes DNA
111
what does potassium acetate do
salt that stabilizes DNA and helps remove protein contamination
112
what does isopropanol do
precipitate DNA
113
what does 70% ethanol do
wash DNA and clean it of contamination
114
what does nuclease free water do
resuspend DNA
115
three steps of PCR
denaturation, annealing, extension
116
what happens in denaturation
95 degrees C, separates double stranded DNA
117
what happens in annealing
60 degrees C, primer binding
118
what happens in extension
72 degrees C, optimal temperature for taq polymerase to build the new copy of DNA
119
PCR reagents
taq polymerase, primers, dNTPs, magnesium ion
120
what does taq polymerase do
DNA polymerase used to build new copies of DNA
121
what do primers do
small pieces of DNA that tell taq where to start copying, complementary to the piece of DNA of interest
122
what do dNTPs do
pieces of nucleotides used by taq to build the piece of DNA
123
what does magnesium ion do
ion used by taq to make it more efficient
124
what are the electrodes in gel electrophoresis
cathode, negative and anode, positive
125
which way does DNA move in gel electrophoresis
to the positive anode
126
does larger or smaller DNA travel further
smaller
127
what does lacI do
repressor gene that prevents expression of lac gene
128
what does lacZ do
encodes beta-galactosidase, which is used to break down lactose and turn lactose into allolactose
129
what does lacY do
encodes for lactose permease, which transports lactose across the membrane
130
what does lacA do
function unknown
131
what happens at the promoter
RNA polymerase binds for transcription
132
what happens at the operator
a molecule binds to repress or enhance transcription
133
what do inducer genes do
turn on a gene, allow it to be expressed
134
what do repression genes do
turn off genes, prevent their expression
135
coagulation means what
it has that antigen
136
what happen when a Rh- person is pregnant with an Rh+ baby
immune system kills the baby
137
steps of ELISA
sample binds to surface, antibody and enzyme bind to sample, substrate interacts with enzyme and changes color in the presence of antibodies
138
what does blue in ELISA mean
antibody binded to antigen
