LAB PRACTICAL Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
A
6H2O + 6CO2
2
Q
What are the products of photosynthesis?
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 (byproduct)
3
Q
What is the energy source for photosynthesis?
A
Sun light
4
Q
Light is the result of a(n) ______ traveling in the pattern of a(n) _______.
A
Photons, wavelength
5
Q
Where in the chloroplast does the light INDEPENDENT reaction occur?
A
Stroma
6
Q
Where in the chloroplast does the light DEPENDENT reaction occur?
A
Thylakoids
7
Q
What is the biological function of a stomata?
A
Allows for gas exchange
8
Q
Why did chlorophyll A move the least amount along the chromatography paper?
A
Because it had a higher molecular weight
9
Q
What is the function of the cuticle (waxy layer that surrounds leaf)?
A
Protects the leaf
10
Q
PICTURE IDENTIFY THE PORTION OF THE MODEL WHERE MESOPHYLL CELL (PALISADE)
A
Mesophyll Cell — Palisade
11
Q
What is the primary pigment used by photosynthesis?
A
Chlorophyll A
12
Q
What is the ecological role of photosynthesis?
A
To convert light energy into chemical energy (food)
13
Q
What is the purpose of phenol red pH indicator used to detect the presence of CO2 in water?
A
CO2 combined with water forms carbonic acid - phenol red turns yellow in an acidic solution and red in a basic solution - so when plants take up the CO2, the solution becomes more basic.
14
Q
What is the net photosynthetic equation?
A
6 CO2 + 6 H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
15
Q
What (supposedly) happened to CO2 levels in the containers full of germinated beans?
A
CO2 is a product that was released and is supposed to be reused in cellular respiration.
16
Q
What molecule is the chief product of cellular respiration?
A
ATP
17
Q
What is the cellular respiration equation?
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 —- the breakdown of glucose to form ATP
18
Q
Define Aerobic Respiration
A
the breakdown of glucose using O2 to form ATP by the 3 pathways of glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
19
Q
What organic molecule is being split during the process of glycolysis?
A
Glucose
20
Q
What element is known as the final hydrogen/electron acceptor?
A
O2
21
Q
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
A
Cytoplasm
22
Q
PICTURE************** Name the internal portion of the structure labled A.
A
Matrix
23
Q
What occurs within the matrix of the mitochondria?
A
The Krebs Cycle
24
Q
What is the name of the fold of the membrane within the mitochondria?
A
Cristae
25
What occurs along the cristae of the mitochondria?
Electron Transport Chain
26
PICTURE\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* What is the name of the entire structure?
Mitochondria
27
What are the substrates for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (molecular oxygen)
28
What are the products of cellular respiration?
6H2O (water) + 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)
29
Where do the substrates for cellular respiration come from?
It can come from food which is made by autotrophs by taking in light energy (sun) then having photosynthesis occur which then produces glucose.
30
What molecule is being broken down to produce CO2 during fermentation?
Glucose
31
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
32
Where in the cell does the krebs cycle occur?
the matrix of the mitochondria
33
Where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur?
Along the cristae of the mitochondria
34
If you are in a sealed room, what would you think will happen with the O2 concentrations in the room over time?
The O2 will decrease because we (humans) breathe it in and use it for our bodies.
35
If you are in a sealed room, what would you think will happen with the CO2 concentrations in the room over time?
The CO2 will increase because it is what we release as a waste as humans by exhaling.
36
Cellular respiration is controlled by enzymes, so if you lowered the temperature, would you expect a different rate of production? Would the difference be a lower rate or increased rate?
Yes, lower rate.
37
Which of the five nucleotides is found only in DNA?
Thymine
38
Which of the five nucleotides is only found in RNA?
Uracil
39
How many nucleotides can be found with both RNA and DNA?
3 - adenine, cytosine, guanine
40
What type of bond forms between the 2 stands of DNA?
Hydrogen Bond
41
What is the term for a linear piece of DNA which contains multiple genes?
Chromosome (they're linear in humans)
42
Genes hold information to build what other type of molecule?
Protein
43
A particular codon will code for what monomer?
nucleotide
44
What type of RNA contains the anti-codon?
tRNA
45
Which type of RNA is a structural component of a ribosome?
rRNA
46
For the non-sense strand: AGCTTA what is the the sense strand of DNA?
TCGAAT
47
For the non-sense strand: AGCTTA what is the mRNA molecule?
UCGAAU
48
For the non-sense strand: AGCTTA what is the tRNA molecule?
AGCUUA
49
Define chromosome.
structure that contains genes
50
Define gene.
a stretch of a chromosome which codes for a particular protein
51
Define genome.
the collection of all the genes found in all of the chromosomes for a particular organism
52
Transcription results in the formation of what molecule?
mRNA
53
Translation results in the formation of what molecule?
proteins
54
For the non-sense strand of DNA: ATGCTGGACCAG what is the sense strand?
TAC GAC CTG GTC
55
For the non-sense strand of DNA: ATGCTGGACCAG what is the mRNA molecule?
UAC GAC CUG GUC
56
For the non-sense strand of DNA: ATGCTGGACCAG what is the tRNA molecule?
AUG CUG GAC CAG
57
What is a codon?
3 nucleotides which encode one amino acid
58
Where would you expect to find the codons?
mRNA
59
What is an anti-codon?
the opposite code of that of the mRNA
60
Where does one find rRNA?
Ribosome
61
What was the purpose of salt to extract DNA from the strawberries?
to help the DNA appear and solidify
62
What was the purpose of dish soap to extract DNA from strawberries?
Pulls apart lipids and proteins from the cells so DNA can be released
63
Was there any protein found with the DNA after the DNA was extracted from the strawberries?
Proteins were found and indicated by a tan color
64
What is the term for the exchange of genetic material between 2 homologous chromosomes?
Crossing Over
65
What is being separated through the process of meiosis I?
Homologous Chromosomes
66
What is being separated through the process of meiosis II?
Sister Chromatids
67
What is the ploidy of the cells when meiosis is completed?
Haploid
68
What are the 3 main functions of mitosis (cell division)?
1. Asexual Reproduction 2. Growth & Development 3. Repair & Cell Replacement
69
Which phase of mitosis is the process of separating duplicated chromosomes into 2 single chromosomes?
Anaphase
70
What is the name of the portion of a duplicated chromosome where the sister chromatids are attached to one another?
Centromere
71
Which phase of interphase results in the replication of DNA?
S Phase
72
Three ____ and one egg are produced during oogenesis.
Polar Bodies
73
PICTURE\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* Identify the phase of mitosis in model.
PICTURE
74
PICTURE\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* Identify the SPINDLE FIBERS on the model.
PICTURE
75
What is the main function of meiosis?
Create gametes
76
What happens in G1 Phase of interphase (3)?
1. Cell Grows 2. Produces Proteins 3. Does normal cell metabolism
77
What happens in S Phase of interphase?
Cell replicates its DNA
78
What happens in the G2 phase of interphase?
Proteins for cell reproduction are produced.
79
At the end of meiosis, what do males produce?
4 Sperm Cells
80
At the end of meiosis, what do females produce?
1 Ovum, 3 polar bodies
81
What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
1. Diploid - 2 sets of chromosomes 2. Haploid - 1 set of chromosomes
82
What is the objective during meiosis I?
to separate the homologous chromosomes
83
What is the objective during meiosis II?
to separate the sister chromatids
84
Define crossing over.
the exchange of DNA
85
Define homologous chromosomes
2 sister chromatids - chromosome pairs, each from one parent.
86
Three ____ and one egg are produced during oogenesis.
Polar Bodies
87
PICTURE\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* Identify the phase of mitosis in model.
PICTURE
88
PICTURE\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* Identify the SPINDLE FIBERS on the model.
PICTURE
89
What is the main function of meiosis?
Create gametes
90
What happens in G1 Phase of interphase (3)?
1. Cell Grows 2. Produces Proteins 3. Does normal cell metabolism
91
What happens in S Phase of interphase?
Cell replicates its DNA
92
What happens in the G2 phase of interphase?
Proteins for cell reproduction are produced.
93
At the end of meiosis, what do males produce?
4 Sperm Cells
94
At the end of meiosis, what do females produce?
1 Ovum, 3 polar bodies
95
What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
1. Diploid - 2 sets of chromosomes 2. Haploid - 1 set of chromosomes
96
What is the objective during meiosis I?
to separate the homologous chromosomes
97
What is the objective during meiosis II?
to separate the sister chromatids
98
Define crossing over.
the exchange of DNA
99
Define homologous chromosomes
2 sister chromatids - chromosome pairs, each from one parent.
100
A person with a diploid genotype AA Bb can produce gametes with what potential genotypes?
AB, Ab
101
If rolling your tongue consists of a dominant trait, what type of genotype do you have if you can't roll your tongue?
Homozygous Recessive
102
The physical expression of one's genes is known as their what?
Phenotype
103
Define genotype.
All of the actual alleles that makes up an organisms genome.
104
What is the basic unit of inheritance?
Gene
105
What type of allele is only expressed if there are 2 copies present?
Recessive
106
Who is the father of classical genetics?
Gregor Mendel
107
What is meant by the term homozygous dominant?
When an organism's genotype has all the same alleles and the alleles are dominant, so they are expressed.
108
Can 2 heterozygous individuals produce offspring which show the recessive trait?
Yes
109
Draw a punnett square for Bb\*Bb
B b B BB Bb b Bb bb
110
What is the genotypic ratio for the Punnet Square of Bb\*Bb?
1:2:1
111
What is the phenotypic ratio for the Punnett square of Bb\*Bb?
3:1
112
Why would a male have more problems with X-Linked recessive traits than a female?
Males only receive 1 set of Sex Linked genes because the Y chromosome only contains info. on being male so they are more likely to have sex linked recessive disorders
113
Define genotype
the actual alleles which make up an organisms genome
114
Define phenotype
physical expression of the organisms genetics
115
Define homozygous
a genotype where organisms have the same alleles for a particular gene
116
Define heterozygous
a genotype where organisms have different alleles
117
Define dominant alleles
alleles which express themselves if there is 1 or 2 copies of the allele
118
Define recessive alleles
alleles which only express if there are 2 copies of the recessive allele present
119
Define alleles
variations in genes
120
Define codominance
when 2 alleles express themselves
121
Define incomplete dominance
when an intermediate phenotype is the result of 2 different alleles
122
What is the multi-regional hypothesis?
various populations of Homo erectus around the world evolved into modern humans
123
What is the Out of Africa hypothesis?
a population of Homo erctus in Africa led to modern humans and eventually left Africa to the rest of the world
124
How does mutation affect the gene pool?
It allows for allele frequency to change
125
How does natural selection affect the gene pool?
individuals with the better phenotypes survive and reproduce and pass the alleles to their offspring, the frequency of these successful alleles will then increase in the gene pool
126
How does non-random mating affect the gene pool?
If there is a mating preference for a certain combination of alleles, the frequency of alleles in a population will change.
127
Define p^2
Frequency of the homozygous p genotype
128
Define 2pq
Frequency of the heterozygote genotype
129
Define q^2
Frequency of the homozygous q genotype
130
Define Biological Evolution
The change in allele frequencies over time
131
Define Genetic Equilibrium
When the 5 conditions of the Castle-Hardy-Weinber law are met: 1. No mutation 2. No gene flow 3. No new natural selection 4. Random mating 5. No genetic drift
132
What does the Castle-Hardy-Weignber Equation describe?
Demonstrates allele frequencies within a population
133
Name a trend in human evolution of the skull which is considered to be an advanced trait?
Larger brain - ancestors had smaller brains
134
Define p
frequency of the p allele in a population
135
Define q
Frequency of the q allele in the population
136
Is it easier for dominant or recessive alleles to be selected out of the population?
Dominant
137
What phase of mitosis is this?
Prophase
138
What phase of mitosis is this?
Metaphase
139
What phase of mitosis is this?
Anaphase
140
What phase of mitosis is this?
Telophase
141
What part of cell division is this?
Cytokinesis - 2 daughter cells
