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BIO 162 > Lab Practical > Flashcards

Lab Practical Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

zone of inhibition

A
  • distance between edge of disc and nearest bacterial growth
  • larger ZOI = stronger anti-bacterial properties
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2
Q

immune structures in the body

A
  • bone marrow
  • leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • thymus
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
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3
Q

neutrophils

A
  • multi lobed nucleus
  • light pink background
  • most abundant WBC
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4
Q

eosinophils

A
  • two lobed nucleus

- redder back =ground

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5
Q

basophil

A
  • dots covering cell
  • two lobed nucleus
  • purple speckled background
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6
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • smaller with large dark nucleus

- light blue background

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7
Q

monocytes

A
  • kidney/ heart shaped nucleus

- blue background

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8
Q

platelet

A

-small dot in-between red blood cells

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9
Q

reticular fibers in a lymph node

A
  • allow filtration of lymph stem and pathogen debris

- thread-like

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10
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • red blood cells

- most important for oxygen transport

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11
Q

stems

A
  • modified asexual reproduction

- ex. onion

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12
Q

roots

A
  • modified for storage

- ex. carrot

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13
Q

leaves

A
  • modified for storage

- ex. celery

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14
Q

calyx

A

-whorl of sepals

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15
Q

corolla

A

-whorl of petals

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16
Q

carpel

A
  • inside stick

- made up of: ovary, style, stigma (top)

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17
Q

stamen

A
  • thin inside string with bulb on top

- made of: filament, anther (top)

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18
Q

sepal

A
  • green leaflike bottom part

- connected to form calyx

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19
Q

petal

A
  • each segment of the corolla

- modified leaves

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20
Q

receptacle

A
  • contains ovary

- sits in calyx/ whorl of sepals

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21
Q

lip

A

-enlarged petal

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22
Q

fruit

A
  • mature ovary containing seeds
  • evolved to protect or disperse seeds
  • thickened ovary walls (pericarp)
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23
Q

what is the pericarp of a fruit made of

A
  • exocarp (outermost)
  • mesocarp
  • endocarp (surrounding seed)
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24
Q

simple fruit

A
  • each flower contains one ovary

- can be either fleshy, dry, nut,

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25
fleshy
- soft, fleshy ovary wall/ pericarp | - ex. berry (grape, tomato), hesperidium (lemon, lime), pepo (cucumbers), pome (apple, pear), drupe (nectarine, cherry)
26
dry fruits
- pericarp splits open along definite seams | - legume (bean pod), achenes
27
nut
- larger, one-seeded fruit with very hard pericarp (usually enclosed in husk) - ex. acorn, chestnut, walnut
28
aggregate fruits
- cluster of many ripened ovaries (fruits) produced by a single flower - ex. raspberries, blackberries
29
multiple fruits
- cluster of many ripened ovaries (fruits) produced by many flowers crowded together - ex. pineapple
30
xylem
- larger holes/ white spaces on outside of slide - vascular tissue in plants that - sap movement via transpirational pull (up from roots to leaves) - cohesion tension pulls water from soil into roots xylem
31
phloem
- smaller holes/ white spaces on inside of slide - sap movement via pressure flow (down from leaves to roots) - sugar passes through sieve-tube members
32
active transport of sucrose (translocation)
- from source cell -> companion cell -> phloem - down the phloem through sieve tubules/ pores - phloem -> companion cell -> sink (root cell)
33
transpiration
- high rate potential inside the leaf, low water potential outside leaf - water leaves menisci (space inside leaf) and goes into air
34
primary growth
-growing longer or taller roots or shoots
35
secondary growth
-growing wider roots or shoots (accomplished via vascular cambium)
36
what environmental factors may influence plant growth/ evolution
- light - nutrients - water - reproduction/ seed dispersal
37
what are the 3 types of plants
- hydrophytes - mesophytes - xerophytes
38
hydrophytes
- plant that grows only in or on water - abundant resource: water - limited resource: space, CO2, sun
39
mesophytes
- a plant needing only a moderate amount of water - abundant resource: nothing really - limited resource: water, space, sun
40
xerophytes
- a plant which needs very little water (dessert plant) - abundant resource: sun, space - limited resource: water
41
monocots
- plants with one cotyledon/ embryonic leaf - leaf: parallel veins - stem vascular bundle: complex pattern - root: fibrous roots - root vascular bundle: ring
42
dicot
- plants with two or more cotyledon/ embryonic leaves - leaf: network veins/ branching - stem vascular bundle: ring - root: tap root (straight tapering root- think carrot) - root vascular bundle: small x in center
43
leaf arrangement on stem (phyllotaxy)
- simple - pinnately compound - bi-pinnately compound
44
leaf venation
- parallel - pinnate - palmate
45
leaf arrangment
- alternate - opposite - whorled
46
auxin
- regulates size and bed - inhibits lateral growth - located in apical meristem (dicots: tip of stem, monocots: base of stem, and all root tips)
47
petiole
- small stock/ leaf stock that joins the leaf to the stem | - attaches to stem on node
48
phototropism
- auxin diffuses away from the light to the side in the shade - extra auxin on shape side makes side grow, bending the apical meristem towards the sun - stronger for shoots
49
posiitve gravitropism
- auxin rushes to side of shade and inhibits growth - upper side grows longer, thus making roots shoot down into ground - stronger in roots
50
negative gravitropism
- auxin rushes to shaded side of plant and makes it grow more, making plant shoot back up towards sun - neg. only in shoots
51
zone of abscission
- usually high auxin in leaf, low ethylene (promotes ripening) in petiole - when auxin decreases in leaf, ethylene increases and fruit/ flower falls off
52
statistics
- to draw general conclusions from a sample of data | - tests in difference we see is real or just due to chance
53
p-value
- probability of an observed (or more extreme) result arising by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is true - ecology: use threshold of 0.05
54
t-test
-compares two categorical groups with quantitative data
55
ANOVA
-test compares more than 2 groups of categorical variables with quantitative data
56
umami
- savory, pungent, meaty | - tasted MSG, present in fermented things
57
sweet
-caused by many chemicals including sugar
58
salty
-caused by salts (like NaCl)
59
sourness
- measure of pH really | - more H/ more acidic, the stronger the taste
60
bitter
- caused by many chemicals, especially alkaloids | - in many things that cause death
61
layers of the eye (front to back)
- sclera (protects and shapes) - cornea (bends light) - iris (regulates size of opening) - pupil (allows light to enter) - lens (focuses light) - retina (senses light) - choroid coat (absorbs light to prevent blurriness) - fovea - blind spot - optic nerve
62
pituitary gland tissue
- anterior pituitary (endocrine tissue) is dark/ purple | - posterior pituitary (neuron tissue) is light/ white
63
anterior pituitary
- endocrine tissue where hormones are - ACTH - LH / FSH - GH - prolactin - TSH
64
posterior pituitary
- neural tissue - ADH - oxytocin
65
hypothalamus
- blank light pink/ blue slide with dark blue bulb top left | - middle of brain
66
testes slide
- interstitial cells/ leydig cells are small triangles between circles - seminiferous tubule is the purple circle - developing sperm is the white area in the middle of the seminiferous tubule
67
epididymis and testes slide
- epididymus look like blocks with large nucleus | - testes look like sea urchins
68
testosterone negative feedback loop
- hypothalamus -> GnRH - anterior pituitary -> LH - testes -> testosterone
69
cortisol negative feedback loop
- hypothalamus -> CRH - anterior pituitary -> ACTH - adrenal gland -> cortisol
70
bronchi
-air passages that diverge from the wind pipe to lungs
71
bronchioles
-bronchi divide into smaller pipes called bronchioles
72
alveoli
-tiny air sacs in lungs
73
healthy human lung slide
-more purple (blended like nail art)
74
emphysema lung (enlarged air sacs) / lung with CPOD
-more white space (blend nail art)
75
atherosclerosis
-blood vessel accumulates plaque build up making it hard for blood to travel through arteries
76
artery vs. vein vs. nerve
- artery: thicker and more circular - vein: thinner and more squished - nerve: filled in circle
77
human blood cell
-lots of little purple/ RBC with few leukocytes in it (dark purple)
78
reptile blood smear
- each blood cell has little nucleus | - look like pomegranate seeds
79
leukemia blood smear
- red bloot cells have fused together, look like bowties | - lots of WBCs
80
order that blood flows through the heart
in superior vena cava --> right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> out to lungs in pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> entire body
81
sections of a hematocrit
- plasma at top - white blood cells and platelets separating - red blood cells/ hematocrit at bottom 42%
82
digestive tract
- mouth (mechanical/ chemical processing) - esophagus (transport food) - liver (secrete bile for fat digestion) - stomach (mechanical/chemical processing) - small intestine - large intestine/ colon - anus
83
layers of the small intestine
- serosa - muscularis - submucosa - mucosa
84
parts of the kidney
- cortex: outer | - medulla: inside pyramid
85
lymph node slide
- reticular fibers (dark lines on slide) - reticular cells (silver stain ring around lymphocyte) - lymphocytes (purple circle clean)

BIO 162 (4 decks)

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