Lab practical -blood, heart, vessels Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Apex
A
-inferior end of the heart, tapers to a point -points toward left hip
2
Q
base
A
-broad/superior portion of heart -directed toward right shoulder
3
Q
auricles
A
-increase volume of atria -small wrinkled protruding appendages
4
Q
pericardium
A
-protective layer (may be absent) -double walled sac- heart is enclosed
5
Q
epicardium
A
-protective layer-“upon the heart” -visceral layer
6
Q
myocardium
A
-produces pumping force -middle layer -composed of cardiac muscle
7
Q
endocardium
A
-heart lining-3rd layer -glistening white sheet of endothelium -lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of valves
8
Q
interventricular septum
A
-longitudinal division that separates left/right ventricles -interatrial septum separates atria
9
Q
Left AV/Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
A
-2 flaps, open and close in response to differences in BP, AV valves prevents backflow into atria when ventricles are contracting
10
Q
Right AV/Tricuspid valve
A
-3 cusps, open and close in response to differences in BP, AV valves prevents backflow into atria when ventricles are
11
Q
Chordae tendineae
A
- anchor/stabilize heart valves -“heart strings” -attached to each AV valve flap are tiny white collagen chords, which anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricular walls
12
Q
Papillary muscle
A
- contract to close AV valves -cone-like , project into ventricular cavity
13
Q
Right atrium
A
-receives O2 poor blood from body, push blood downstairs into ventricles, blood enters atria via 3 veins: 1) superior vena cava 2) inferior vena cava 3) coronary sinus
14
Q
Right ventricle
A
-pumps blood into pulmonary trunk, routes the blood to lungs where gas exchange occurs -makes up most of anterior surface of heart
15
Q
Left atrium
A
-receives blood from lungs -4 pulmonary veins enter, they transport blood from lungs back to heart - makes up most of heart’s base
16
Q
Left ventricle
A
-pumps blood to all body tissues -dominates the inferoposterior, discharging chamber, ejects blood into the aorta , the largest artery in the body
17
Q
Superior vena cava
A
-return blood to RIGHT ATRIUM from body regions superior to the diaphragm
18
Q
Inferior vena cava
A
-return blood to RIGHT ATRIUM from body regions below the diaphragm
19
Q
Pulmonary trunk
A
-takes blood to lungs -RV pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
20
Q
R. Semilunar/Pulmonary valve
A
-prevent backflow of blood -SV between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into heart - SL valves guard bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles (artery & pulmonary trunk) & prevent backflow into associated ventricles
21
Q
pulmonary arteries
A
-take blood and lungs
22
Q
pulmonary veins
A
- take blood to left atrium , transport blood from the lungs back to the heart
23
Q
aorta
A
- takes blood to all tissues -the LV ejects blood into aorta , the largest artery in the body
24
Q
L. Semilunar/Aortic valve
A
-prevents backflow of blood -SV valve between the L. ventricle & aorta, controlling the flow of blood - SL valves guard bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles (artery & pulmonary trunk) & prevent backflow into associated ventricles
25
Left coronary artery
-supplies blood to the heart-Red -runs toward left side of the heart
26
Right coronary artery
-supplies blood to heart-Red -courses to the right side of the heart
27
Great cardiac vein
-drains blood from heart
28
Coronary sinus
-drains blood from heart wall (myocardium) and empties into right atrium
29
Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell or RBC)
- transports respiratory gases (O2 to tissues & CO2 to lungs) -binconcave disc shape -mature cells have no nucleus or organelles -mostly made up of hemoglobin for gas transport -incl proteins: antioxidants, Spectrin
30
Neutrophil
-50-70% of WBC , 10-12um - multi-lobed nucleus-polymorhonuclear leukocytes - ingest microorganisms & particles (phagocytosis of, particularly, bacteria): 1) defensins- insert proteins into walls of bacteria(invading) 2) respiratory burst- use O to produce bleach and HO to release into bacteria
31
Basophil
-0.5-1% of WBC; 10-14 um -U or S shaped purple nucleus -contain anitcoagulant heparin which prevents blood from clotting too quickly, & vasodilator histamine which promotes blood flow to tissues
32
Eosinophil
-2-4% of WBC, 10-14 um - bilobed nucleus -fight parasitic worm infections, function at sites of allergic reactions, & phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes. Eosinophil secretory products inactivate many of the chemical mediators of inflammation and destroy cancer cells. They release toxic substances to kill the invader.
33
Lymphocyte
-25% of WBC; 5-17um -large dark purple nucleus occupying most of the cell -B cells (plasma cells) produce antibodies; T (cytotoxic) cells attack foreign cells directly, these include infected cells and tumors
34
Monocyte
-3-8%; 18um - blue cytoplasm and large U or kidney shaped purple nucleus -are "monster" cells that gobble up debris and pathogens. Monocytes are the precursors of the various phagocytes of the mononuclear phagocytotic system(macrophages)
35
Thrombocyte-platelet
-principal function is to prevent bleeding (blood clot formation as a platelet plug).
36
origin of formed elements
red bone marrow
37
interpretation of ABO blood type results
- Agglutination (clumping) occurs because of antigen-antibody. RBCs have a variety of antigens(receptors or agglutinogens) on their plasma membrane ( surface), some of which are used to determine a person's ABO blood type. - Serum contains antibodies (agglutinins), proteins that react with antigens a) Clumping in anti-A only: type A blood b) Clumping in anti-B only: type B blood c) Clumping in anti-A and anti-B: type AB blood d) Clumping in neither anti-A nor anti-B: type O blood
38
Rh System
-represents antigen type on the surface of of RBCs -Rh+ positive indicates presence of the antigen -Rh- negative indicates its absence
39
Why is left side of heart more muscular?
- the left side of heart is pumping blood to your entire body , while right side is pumping only into lungs
40
pectinate muscles
- in R. atrium , anterior portion of walls are ridged by bundles of muscle tissue, look like teeth of comb
41
veins
-carry blood toward the heart for purification
42
artery
-carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body
43
why are ventricles more muscular than atria?
- ventricles are pumps of the heart, blood is propelled out the heart into circulation, out to body
44
trabeculae carnae
- marking the internal walls of the ventricular chambers are irregular ridges of the muscle
45
pulmonary circuit
-oxygen-poor, dark red blood enters the pulmonary circulation as it is pumped from the right ventricle into the large pulmonary trunk which the divides and forms the right and left pulmonary arteries. In lungs, as gases are exchanged and the oxygen content of the blood rises, blood becomes bright red. - the pulmonary capillary beds drain into venules, which join to form the pulmonary veins exiting from lung. - the 4 pulmonary veins complete circuit by unloading their precious cargo into left atrium of the heart -functions only to bring blood into close contact with the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs so that gases can be exchanged - it does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues
46
systemic circuit
- the left side of the heart pumps blood via aorta, this is the systemic circuit, to all body tissues and back to the right side of the heart -circulation provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues, that is, it delivers oxygen , nutrients, and other substances while carrying away CO2 and metabolic wastes. -the venae cavae empty the CO2 laden blood into R. atrium 1) blood passes from systemic veins to systemic arteries only after first moving through the pulmonary circuit 2) although the entire CO of the R. ventricle passes though pulmonary circulation, only a small fraction of the output of the L. ventricle flows through any single organ
47
cardiac circulation
- functional blood supply of the heart, shortest circulation in the body -the arterial supply of coronary circulation is provided by the right and left coronary arteries, both arising from the base of the aorta and encircling the heart in the coronary sinus
48
cardiac veins drain into...
the coronary sinus into the R. atrium
49
P wave in ECG
atrial depolarization, started by SA node
50
QRS Complex in ECG
-ventricular depolarization starting at apex -atrial repolarization occurs
51
T-wave in ECG
ventricular repolarization begins at apex
52
P-Q in ECG
- atrial depolarization complete, wave delayed at AV node
53
S-T in ECG
ventricular depolarization complete
54
foramen ovale
-foramen ovale in the interatrial septum shunts blood from the R. atrium to the L. atrium -it closes from birth to form FOSSA OVALIS
55
ductus arteriosus
-ductus arteriosus is between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta -it closes at birth to form the LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM
56
granulocytes
-Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils -lobed nuclei, cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically with Wright's stain
57
agranulocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
58
both the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery are immediate branches of the...
left coronary artery
59
branches of the aorta
1. ascending aorta 2. arch of the aorta 3. descending aorta (thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta)
60
ascending aorta
-the initial part of aorta, rises out of L. ventricle
61
arch of the aorta
-the 2 coronary arteries of the heart arise from the aortic root. just above the cusps of the aortic valve
62
descending aorta (thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta)
-the aorta then arches back over the right pulmonary artery and down through the chest, abdomen and pelvis
63
3 vessels that come out of the aortic arch
1. Braciocephalic artery 2. Left common carotid artery 3. Left subclavian artery -these supply blood to the head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs
64
vertebral A
to circle of Willis (brain)
65
Brachiocephalic A
to the head, arm & neck
66
Axillary A
to thorax, armpit & upper limb
67
Brachial A
supplies blood to upper arm
68
Aorta
distributes blood to all arteries
69
Gonadal artery
supplies gonads (ovary/testis)
70
Common iliac artery
pelvis & lower limbs
71
external iliac A
supplies lower limbs
72
digital A
supplies fingers and toes
73
femoral A
supplies thigh muscles
74
Popliteal A
knee joint, thigh/calf muscles
75
Renal A
supplies kidney with blood
76
anterior tibial A
supplies leg/back of foot
77
subclavian A
supplies blood to head/arms
78
Common hepatic A
supplies liver
79
common carotid A
head & neck
80
radial A
carries blood to forearm
81
Ulnar A
carries blood to forearm
82
Pulmonary trunk
blood from heart to lungs
83
pulmonary artery
blood from heart to lungs
84
right coronary artery
supplies myocardium
85
left coronary artery
supplies myocardium
86
circumflex artery
heart; supplies myocardium
87
anterior interventricular artery (heart)
supplies myocardium
88
posterior tibial A
drains leg
89
vertebral V
drains blood from brain
90
brachiocephalic
drains blood from head, arm, neck
91
axillary vein
drains blood from thorax, armpit, upper limb
92
external jugular V
drains most of blood from face/scalp
93
brachial V
drains blood from upper arm
94
inferior vena cava
lower half of the body to the R.atrium
95
superior vena cava
upper half of the body to the R. atrium
96
vertebral A
to circle of Willis (brain)
97
Brachiocephalic A
to the head, arm & neck
98
Axillary A
to thorax, armpit & upper limb
99
Brachial A
supplies blood to upper arm
100
Aorta
distributes blood to all arteries
101
Gonadal artery
supplies gonads (ovary/testis)
102
Common iliac artery
pelvis & lower limbs
103
external iliac A
supplies lower limbs
104
digital A
supplies fingers and toes
105
femoral A
supplies thigh muscles
106
Popliteal A
knee joint, thigh/calf muscles
107
Renal A
supplies kidney with blood
108
anterior tibial A
supplies leg/back of foot
109
subclavian A
supplies blood to head/arms
110
Common hepatic A
supplies liver
111
common carotid A
head & neck
112
radial A
carries blood to forearm
113
Ulnar A
carries blood to forearm
114
Pulmonary trunk
blood from heart to lungs
115
pulmonary artery
blood from heart to lungs
116
right coronary artery
supplies myocardium
117
left coronary artery
supplies myocardium
118
circumflex artery
heart; supplies myocardium
119
anterior interventricular artery (heart)
supplies myocardium
120
posterior tibial A
supplies legs
121
vertebral V
drains blood from brain
122
brachiocephalic
drains blood from head, arm, neck
123
axillary vein
drains blood from thorax, armpit, upper limb
124
external jugular V
drains most of blood from face/scalp
125
brachial V
drains blood from upper arm
126
inferior vena cava
lower half of the body to the R.atrium
127
superior vena cava
upper half of the body to the R. atrium
128
Common iliac v
drains pelvis and lower limbs
129
median cubital V
drains upper limb
130
digital V
drains fingers or toes
131
femoral V
drains thigh muscles
132
popliteal V
drains knee joint, muscles in thigh & calf
133
internal jugular v
collects (drains) blood from brain
134
anterior tibial v
drains blood from leg/back of foot
135
subclavian V
drains blood from head and arms
136
hepatic v
drains blood from the liver
137
renal V
drains blood from the kidney
138
cephalic V
drains blood from the upper limb
139
great saphenous
drains blood from leg and thigh
140
pulmonary vein
drains blood from lungs to heart
141
hepatic portal V
blood from GI tract/spleen to liver
142
coronary sinus
blood from myocardium to R atrium
143
great cardiac v
brings (drains) blood to coronary sinus
144
radial and ulnar veins
drain blood from the forearm
