lab practical exam 12/6/23

Question 1

Where are autosomal characteristics carried?

Answer 1

Chromosomes #1-#22

Question 2

Where are sex linked traits carried?

Answer 2

In 23rd pair - X and Y

Question 3

Identify Karyotype for Normal Male

Answer 3

One X
One Y

Question 4

Identify Karyotype for Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Answer 4

Male with one additional x chromosome (XXY).
- testes underdeveloped, enlarged breasts
-long limbs
- sparse body hair
- learning disabilities

Question 5

Identify Karyotype for Triple-X/Poly-X Syndrome

Answer 5

Female with 3 chromosomes,
- webbed neck, short stature
- low intellectual capabilities
- underdeveloped gonadal structures

Question 6

Identify Karyotype for Jacob’s Syndrome

Answer 6

Male has extra Y chromosome from father
- no physical or intellectual effects shown

Question 7

Identify Karyotype for Down Syndrome

Answer 7

Extra 21st chromosome

Question 8

If individual is homoz. dom. (PP), or heteroz. (Pp), what characteristics will be shown in the phenotype?

Answer 8

Dominant Phenotype

Question 9

Would you expect a dominant trait to be the most common in a pop? Why?

Answer 9

NOT ALWAYS TRUE. Natural selection might give advantage + Founder effect

Question 10

What is Founder effect?

Answer 10

A few individuals start a new population

Question 11

Phenotypic ratio given Genotypic ratio:
G = 1AA:2Aa:1aa

Answer 11

3 purple, 1 white

Question 12

Predictions based off Genotypic Ratio:
1AA:2Aa:1aa

Answer 12

25% 1/4 homozy. dom (purple)
50% 2/4 heterozy. (purple)
25% 1/4 homozy. rec. (white)

Question 13

TRUE OR FALSE? Sex chromosomes only carry genes that relate to the sexual characteristics or functions of an individual

Answer 13

FALSE. Many disorders considered linked to the X chromosome –> hemophilia, color blindness, etc.

Question 14

X^BX^b

Answer 14

carries gene (bio female)

Question 15

X^bX^b

Answer 15

is colorblind (bio female)

Question 16

X^bY

Answer 16

is colorblind (bio male)

Question 17

How are X linked traits inherited different in males and females

Answer 17

• males present more, females carry
• color blindness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are genes linked on the X chromosome

Question 18

Does a pedigree indicate phenotypes or genotypes?

Answer 18

PHENOTYPES (genotypes to some extent).

Question 19

Determine possible blood types for Jack and Susan’s children.

Jack’s Blood Type: O
Susan’s Blood Type: A

Answer 19

AO, AO, OO, OO
AO, AO

Question 20

What are the 3 parts that make up a nucleotide of DNA

Answer 20

• phosphate group
• pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
• nitrogenous base (contains hydrogen)

Question 21

Sides of a DNA strand:

Answer 21

sugar & phosphates

Question 22

Rungs of DNA:

Answer 22

base pairs (A+T), (G+C) held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 23

Complimentary DNA Strand:
3’ TAC GCG ATA ATC 5’

Answer 23

5’ ATG CGC TAT TAG 3’

Question 24

Replication:

Answer 24

DNA is used to make more DNA

Question 25

Transcription:

Answer 25

DNA is used to make RNA

Question 26

Translation:

Answer 26

RNA is used to make amino acid sequence

Question 27

Transformation:

Answer 27

Changing genes of bacteria through uptake of new DNA

Question 28

Gel electrophiles:

Answer 28

Techniques used to separate fragments of DNA by size and create DNA profiles

Question 29

(gel electrophiles) negatively charged DNA migrates...

Answer 29

toward the positive pole

Question 30

(gel electrophiles) larger fragments move _______, smaller fragments move ______.

Answer 30

slower faster

Question 31

On what basis does gel electrophiles separate molecules?

Answer 31

size and charge!

Question 32

What makes molecules migrate in gel electrophoresis?

Answer 32

Electricity

Question 33

# of strands? DNA Structure: Sugar? Bases? Number of strands?

Answer 33

- deoxyribose - ATGC - 2

Question 34

RNA Structure: Sugar? Bases? Number of strands?

Answer 34

- Ribose - AUGC - 1

Question 35

What is a codon?

Answer 35

block of 3 DNA nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid

Question 36

What organelle is associated with translation?

Answer 36

Ribosomes are the organelle in translation that requires reaction with mRNA and tRNA to create proteins

Question 37

Function of tRNA molecules?

Answer 37

carry amino acids to the ribosome for building polypeptide chain

Question 38

transcribe DNA code to mRNA: DNA - 3' TAC GCG ATA ATC 5'

Answer 38

RNA - 5' AUG CGC UAU UAG 3'

Question 39

Components necessary for translation process carried by tRNA

Answer 39

anticodon & amino acid

Question 40

what is an anticodon?

Answer 40

3 bases on tRNA that are complimentary to a codon

Question 41

CELL ISOLATION Cell extract (strawberry)

Answer 41

source of DNA

Question 42

CELL ISOLATION SDS (detergent)

Answer 42

broke down cell membranes, releasing DNA into the tube

Question 43

CELL ISOLATION Ethanol

Answer 43

attracted DNA, separated DNA out

Question 44

Cytochrome C protein, isoelectronic point?

Answer 44

10.2

Question 45

Myoglobin protein, isoelectronic point?

Answer 45

7.2

Question 46

Hemoglobin protein, isoelectronic point?

Answer 46

6.8

Question 47

Serum albumin protein, isoelectronic point?

Answer 47

4.8

Question 48

What are plasmids?

Answer 48

Small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules in a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA - can replicate independently - may benefit survival of organism (ex. antibiotic resistance)

Question 49

What human hormone has been produced through bacterial transformation technology?

Answer 49

Insulin

Question 50

BACTERIA LAB During the transformation procedure, what gene(s) did the plasmid contain?

Answer 50

pGLO & AMP resistance

Question 51

BACTERIA LAB How would the transformed genes be beneficial to E. Coli?

Answer 51

The ampicillin resistance gene allows us to select which cells have been transformed based on the growth in the antibiotic AMP.

Question 52

Evolution?

Answer 52

Change over time. (Charles Darwin)

Question 53

How does the evolution explain both the unity and the diversity of life?

Answer 53

evolution has started with a single common ancestor that unifies life on Earth and diversified it into a wide variety of species