Lab Practical II

Question 1

Hyphae

Answer 1

Small filaments that make up fungi

Question 2

Mycelium

Answer 2

Group of hyphae

Question 3

Rhizoids

Answer 3

Modified hyphae that anchor the fungi

Question 4

Cell walls

Answer 4

Made of chitin

Question 5

Septa

Answer 5

Divisions in the hyphae

Question 6

Chytridiomycota

Answer 6

Most are unicellular and living in freshwater environments
One spp. has caused a major decline in amphibian populations
Flagellated gametes that allow them to swim

Question 7

Zygomycota

Answer 7

Commonly occur in soil, decaying organic matter, and feces
Three types of hyphae
- Rhizoids: anchoring and digestion
- Stolon: horizontal surface hyphae
- Sporangiophores: reproduction

Question 8

Glomeromycota

Answer 8

Fungi known as mycorrhizae
- Mutualistic relationship with plant roots
- Occurs in 95% of all terrestrial plants
- Fungi receives carbohydrates, sucrose, and glucose
- Tree receives better uptake of phosphorus and other minerals

Question 9

Ascomycota

Answer 9

Diverse effects on life
- Fatal pulmonary disease in humans
- Plant diseases like Dutch elm disease
- Associated with meningitis
- Hallucinogenic in LSD
- Yeast important for bread and beer
- Morels and truffles for eating
- Antibacterials like Penicillum
- Symbiotic relationship with algae (Lichen)

Question 10

Basidiomycota

Answer 10

Most of the mushrooms you see at the grocery store
Mushrooms are called basidiocarp

Question 11

Lichens

Answer 11

Body of lichens called thallus
3 types in nature
- Crustose
- Foliose
- Fruticose

Question 12

Cnidaria

Answer 12

Cnidoblasts - stinging cells
Two forms
- Medusa
- Polyp: tublar sessile body
Radial symmetry
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Incomplete digestion

Question 13

Mollusca

Answer 13

Two body portions
- Head-foot region
- Visceral-mass region
Bilateral symmetry
Closed using gills or lungs
External and internal fertilization
Complete digestion

Question 14

Porifera

Answer 14

Asymmetrical
Skeletal structure
- Calcium
- Silicone
Excretion and respiratory occurs through diffusion
Water leaves central cavity through the osculum

Question 15

Ctenophora

Answer 15

“Comb Jelly” but are not true jellyfish
These are the largest animals to move using cilia, called comb plates
Colloblasts are adhesive cells that capture food
Many use bioluminescence
Bilateral symmetry

Question 16

Platyhelminthes

Answer 16

Bilateral Symmetry
Use diffusion for gas exchange
Most are free-living, some are parasites

Question 17

Rotifera

Answer 17

Bilateral symmetry
A crown-like structure used for feeding called the corona
Adherence structure called the foot

Question 18

Annelida

Answer 18

Segmented worms (Septa)
Bilateral symmetry
Most (except leeches) have bristles called Setae
Nephridia - excretory system to remove waste from segments
Have hydrostatic skeletons

Question 19

Ecdosozoans

Answer 19

“Molting” organisms with exoskeleton
Consists of 8 phyla
- Nematoda
- Arthopoda

Question 20

Deuterostomes

Answer 20

Triploblastic coelomates
Consists of 3 phyla
- Echinodermata
- Hemichordata
- Chordata

Question 21

Arthropoda

Answer 21

They have a chitinous exoskeleton
- Divided into plates to allow movement
- Periods of instars and molting
Exhibit bilateral symmetry
- Head, thorax, and abdomen
Well developed sensory organs
Complete digestive system
- Foregut, midgut, hindgut
Open circulatory system
Females are usually egg-laying (oviparous)
They have a chitinous exoskeleton
- Divided into plates to allow movement

Question 22

Subphylum Chelicerata

Answer 22

Spiders
Horseshoe crabs
Ticks
Scorpions

Question 23

Subphylum Crustacea

Answer 23

Crabs
Lobsters
Crayfish

Question 24

Subphylum Hexapoda

Answer 24

Beetles
Flies
Butterflies
Fleas

Question 25

Subphylum Myriapoda

Answer 25

Centipedes Millipedes

Question 26

Chordata

Answer 26

Body plan - Notocord, pharyngeal pounches, dorsal hollow nerve chord, and postanal tail Vertebral column replaces notochord after embryonic development - Exception - jawless fish have notocord Neural crest - group of embryonic cells that form cranium, jaws, teeth, and some nerves Support structure -Bony or cartilaginous skeleton -Complex muscular system Circulatory system -Multichambered heart

Question 27

Subphylum Vertebrata (Chondrichthyes)

Answer 27

Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes - Oviviparous -egg develops in female and hatch at birth - Viviparous - young develop in female

Question 28

Subphylum Vertebrata (Actinopterygii)

Answer 28

Actinopterygii - 95% of all vertebrate spp. - Lateral line - sensory organ to detect vibrations - Swim bladder - control buoyancy

Question 29

Subphylum Vertebrata (Amphibia)

Answer 29

Amphibia - Nictitating membrane - protected eyelid to lock in moisture - Larval forms possess gills

Question 30

Subphylum Vertebrata (Reptilia)

Answer 30

Reptilia - Egg has four distinct membranes - yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois - Ectothermic - Complete digestive system - Dioecious

Question 31

Subphylum Vertebrata (Aves)

Answer 31

Aves - Endothermic - Uropygial gland - produces oil that helps waterproof feathers and prevent microbial growth - Precocial - hatchlings able to run or swim - Altricial - helpless hatchlings - Plumage - the appearance of feathers and arrangement

Question 32

Subphylum Vertebrata (Mammalia)

Answer 32

Mammalia - Endothermic - Presence of hair (pelage) - Monotremes - egg laying - Marsupials - pouch animals - Placental - embryo receives nutrients and oxygen from placenta - Females have mammary glands

Question 33

Nematoda

Answer 33

Roundworms - Most are harmless Anatomy - Hydroskeleton - fluid filled pseudocoel - Midventral pore - excretory structure - Amphids - sensory organs on either side of the head in non-parasitic spp. - Phasmids - sensory organs near the posterior Coprozoic feed on fecal matter Saprobes feed on decaying organisms

Question 34

Echinodermata

Answer 34

Body plan - Radial symmetry - Endoskeleton with surface spines - Pedicellariae - jaw-like pincers at the end of the spines Anatomy - Water vascular system - Adults lack a head, brain, and segmentation - Complete digestive system - Most use gills for respiration - Bipinaria - bilaterally symmetrical larva

Question 35

Hemichordata

Answer 35

Acorn worms are the most common - Three body regions - Proboscis, collar, and trunk