Lab Quiz 7 Material (03/20/2025) + Ch. 9 Adipose Tissue (E3) + Ch. 10 Blood (E3) Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Individual fat cells.
A
What are adipocytes?
2
Q
In what type of connective tissue will you find adipocytes? Loose or dense?
A
Throughout loose connective tissue
3
Q
Tissues in which adipocytes are the primary cell type are designated as this.
A
What is adipose tissue?
4
Q
What is the key role of an adipocyte?
A
Energy homeostasis
5
Q
The body has a limited capacity to store carbohydrates and protein; therefore, energy reserves are stored within {…} droplets of adipocytes in the form of {…}.
A
1) Lipid
2) Triglycerides
6
Q
What do triglycerides represent? In essence, what is their function in relation to FOOD INTAKE and ENERGY EXPENDITURE?
A
To act as a dynamic form of energy storage added when food intake is greater than energy expenditure
7
Q
The most concentrated form of metabolic energy storage available to humans.
A
What are triglycerides?
8
Q
Adipose tissue is considered a major {…} organ.
A
Endocrine
9
Q
Considerable evidence links the increased endocrine activity of adipocytes to the metabolic and cardiovascular complications associated with this weight condition.
A
What is obesity?
10
Q
The predominant type of adipose tissue in adult humans.
A
What is white adipose?
11
Q
This type of adipose tissue is present in large amounts in humans during fetal life. It diminishes during the first decade after birth but continues to be present in varying amounts, mainly around internal organs.
A
What is brown adipose?
12
Q
This type of adipose tissue consists of an accumulation of brown-like adipocytes within the subcutaneous white adipose tissue deposits in adult humans. IT IS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED.
A
What is beige adipose?
13
Q
How does the function of white adipose tissue generally differ from the function of brown and beige adipose tissue?
A
White - stores excess energy in lipids
Brown/beige - dissipates energy via heat production
14
Q
This adipose tissue, also called UNILOCULAR, represents at least 10% of the body weight of a normal healthy individual.
A
What is white adipose?
15
Q
White adipose tissue forms a fatty layer of the {…} (superficial) fascia in the connective tissue beneath the skin.
A
Subcutaneous
16
Q
What is the Latin name for the subcutaneous fascia that white adipose makes up?
A
Panniculus adiposus
17
Q
Thermal conductivity of the adipose tissue is only about {…} (fraction) that of skeletal muscle, providing significant thermal insulation against the cold.
A
One-half
18
Q
In both sexes, this structure is the preferential site for accumulation of adipose tissue.
A
What is the mammary fat pad?
19
Q
In the nonlactating female, this gland is primarily composed of the mammary fat pad.
A
What is the mammary gland?
20
Q
What are the 3 important roles of the mammary fat pad in supporting breast function in lactating women?
A
1) Lipids & energy for milk production
2) Synthesis of growth factors that modulate responses to steroid hormones
3) Synthesis of proteins regulating mammary gland function
21
Q
Adipose tissue functions as a cushion to many organs and structures. How sound is this structural function in the face of a caloric deficit (i.e., depletion of lipids)?
A
Adipose tissue retains its structural function even when depleted of lipid
22
Q
White adipocytes actively synthesize and secrete {…}, a group of biologically active substances, which include hormones, growth factors, and cytokines (Fig. 9.1).
A
Adipokines
23
Q
This notable adipokine is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and is primarily secreted by adipocytes.
A
What is leptin?
24
Q
Leptin fulfills the criteria for this factor that controls food intake when the body’s store of energy is sufficient.
A
What is the circulating satiety factor?
25
Leptin acts on the CNS by binding to specific receptors, mainly in this region of the brain.
What is the hypothalamus?
26
Leptin also regulates the production of {...} hormones (e.g., testosterone, estrogens, and glucocorticoids).
Steroid
27
List 3 other important adipokines in addition to leptin.
1) Adiponectin
2) Resistin
3) Angiotensinogen (AGE)
28
These RNA molecules were found in circulating intact exosomes secreted by white adipocytes. They are about 22 nucleotides long and contain intact genetic information specific to adipocytes.
What are microRNAs (miRNAs)?
29
Obesity associated with increased secretion of these 2 proteins may be linked to metabolic abnormalities and the development of diabetes.
What are growth factors & cytokines?
30
This key thermogenic tissue is present in large amounts in the newborn. It helps to offset the extensive heat loss that results from the newborn’s high surface-to-mass ratio and to avoid lethal hypothermia (a major risk of death for preterm babies).
What is brown adipose?
31
This imaging technique detects cancer cells based on their uptake of large amounts of radioactively labeled glucose (18F-FDG) and can detect patterns characteristic of brown adipose tissue.
What is positron emission tomography (PET)?
32
This term describes brown adipose.
What is multilocular?
33
Why is brown adipose tissue considered "multilocular," while white adipose is considered "unilocular?" Define these terms.
Multilocular (brown) - each adipocyte contains many small lipid droplets
Unilocular (white) - each adipocyte contains one large lipid droplet
34
Brown adipocytes differentiate from these stem cells under the control of PRDM16/PGC-1 transcription factors.
What are mesenchymal skeletal myogenic progenitor (Myf5 positive) stem cells?
35
The myogenic lineage marker that remains detectable in mature brown adipocytes and in all stages of their differentiation.
What is myogenic factor 5 (Myf5)?
36
When the zinc-finger protein known as {...} (PRDM16) is activated, myogenic progenitor cells synthesize several members of the {...} (PGC-1) family of transcription factors, activating brown adipocyte differentiation and suppressing skeletal muscle development.
1) PR domain containing 16
2) PPARγ coactivator 1
37
Loss of {...}from brown adipocyte precursors causes a loss of brown fat characteristics and promotes skeletal muscle differentiation. Therefore, {...} is regarded as a “master-switch” regulator in the differentiation of brown adipocytes.
1) PRDM16
2) PRDM16/PGC-1
38
PRDM16 & PCG-1, in turn, regulate the expression of genes that encode a specific mitochondrial protein called {...} (UCP-1) or {...} (a 33-kDa inner mitochondrial membrane protein), which is essential for brown adipocyte metabolism (thermogenesis).
1) Uncoupling protein
2) Thermogenin
39
Clinical observations confirm that under normal conditions, brown adipose tissue can expand in response to increased blood levels of this hormone/neurotransmitter.
What is norepinephrine?
40
Brown adipose tissue expansion in response to increased levels of norepinephrine becomes evident in patients with {...}, an endocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Pheochromocytoma
41
This type of adipose tissue is located in the Subcutaneous layer, mammary gland, greater omentum, mesenteries, retroperitoneal space, visceral pericardium, orbits (eye sockets), and bone marrow cavity.
What is white adipose?
42
This adipose tissue is found in large amounts in newborns and in remnants in adults at the retroperitoneal space, deep cervical and supraclavicular regions of the neck, interscapular, paravertebral regions of the back, and the mediastinum.
What is brown adipose?
43
List 5 functions of white adipose.
1) Metabolic energy storage
2) Insulation
3) Cushioning
4) Hormone production (adipokines)
5) Metabolic water source
44
List 2 functions of brown adipose.
1) Heat production (thermogenesis UCP-1 dependent)
2) Hormone production (batokines)
45
Clinical term for RBC.
What is an erythrocyte?
46
Clinical term for WBC.
What is a leukocyte?
47
Clinical term for platelets.
What is a thrombocyte?
48
What are the 2 key components of blood?
Cells & plasma
49
The liquid extracellular material that imparts fluid properties to blood.
What is plasma?
50
The volume of packed erythrocytes in a sample of blood is called the {...} (HCT) or {...} (PCV).
1) Hematocrit
2) Packed cell volume
51
Normal HCT in men.
39-50%
52
Normal HCT in women.
35-45%
53
A condition characterized by low hematocrit values, often reflected in reduced numbers of circulating erythrocytes.
What is anemia?
54
These 2 blood cells constitute 1% of the blood volume.
What are WBCs and platelets?
55
The leukocytes and platelets are contained in a narrow, light-colored layer between the erythrocytes and plasma called this.
What is the buffy coat?
56
Approximately {...}% of plasma by weight is water, which serves as the solvent for a variety of {...}, including proteins, dissolved gases, electrolytes, nutrients, regulatory substances, and waste materials. The solutes in the plasma help maintain {...}, a steady state that provides optimal pH and osmolarity for cellular metabolism.
1) 92
2) Solutes
3) Homeostasis
57
The main protein constituent of plasma, accounting for approximately one-half of the total plasma proteins. It is the smallest plasma protein (about 70 kDa) and is made in the liver.
What is albumin?
58
What is the purpose of albumin?
Exerting the concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluid
59
This major osmotic pressure on the blood vessel wall, called the {...} osmotic pressure, maintains the correct proportion of blood to tissue fluid volume.
Colloid
60
List the 2 types of globulins and their associated sub-globulins.
Immunoglobulins - γ-globulins
Nonimmune globulins - α-globulin and β-globulin
61
Are immunoglobulins or nonimmune globulins the largest component of the globulin fraction?
Immunoglobulins
62
Nonimmune globulins are secreted by the {...}. They help maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system and also serve as carrier proteins for various substances, such as copper (by ceruloplasmin), iron (by transferrin), and the protein {...} (by haptoglobin).
1) Liver
2) Hemoglobin
63
The largest plasma protein (340 kDa) made in the liver.
What is fibrinogen?
64
In a series of cascade reactions with other coagulation factors, soluble fibrinogen is transformed into this insoluble protein.
What is fibrin?
65
A procedure in which samples of blood are drawn from a vein.
What is venipuncture?
66
A blood {...} consists mostly of erythrocytes entangled in a network of fine fibers composed of fibrin. To prevent clotting of a blood sample, an {...} such as citrate or heparin is added to the blood specimen as it is obtained.
1) Clot
2) Anticoagulant
67
What is serum?
Plasma minus clotting factors
68
The fluid that surrounds tissue cells, called {...} fluid, has an electrolyte composition that reflects that of blood plasma, from which it is derived.
Interstitial
69
This is the preparation method that best displays the cell types of peripheral blood.
What is a blood smear?
70
On the basis of their appearance after staining, leukocytes are traditionally divided into {...} (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and {...} (lymphocytes and monocytes).
1) Granulocytes
2) Agranulocytes
71
Anucleate, biconcave discs devoid of typical organelles.
What are RBCs?
72
Is this the typical diameter of an RBC?
7.8 𝛍m
73
What is the typical lifespan of an RBC?
120 days
74
Why are RBCs referred to as the HISTOLOGIC RULER?
Their size is consistent in fixed tissue, so they are used to estimate the size of other cells and structures in tissue sections
75
What percentage of total newborn body mass does brown adipose consist of?
5%
76
This term is used to describe beige adipocytes and refers to them having fewer lipid droplets than brown adipocytes.
What is paucilocular?
77
This pancreatic hormone regulates blood glucose and is involved in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism.
What is insulin?
78
Like leptin, insulin regulates weight by acting on brain centers in this portion of the brain.
What is the hypothalamus?
79
In what way is insulin different from leptin?
Insulin is required for the accumulation of adipose tissue
80
One of the major metabolic functions of adipose tissue involves a molecular conversion. What is the starting molecule, what is it converted into, and where does it get converted?
Fatty acids in blood are converted to triglycerides within the adipocyte
81
When adipose tissue is stimulated by neural or hormonal mechanisms, triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, a process called this.
What is mobilization?
82
Here, they are bound to the carrier protein {...} and transported to other cells, which use fatty acids as metabolic fuel.
Albumin
83
This type of mobilization is particularly important during periods of fasting and exposure to severe cold.
What is neural mobilization?
84
In neural mobilization, {...} (neurotransmitter) initiates a series of metabolic steps that lead to the activation of {...} (enzyme).
1) Norepinephrine
2) Lipase
85
This type of mobilization involves a complex system of hormones and enzymes that control fatty acid release from adipocytes.
What is hormonal mobilization?
86
This important hormone promotes lipid synthesis by stimulating lipid synthesis enzymes (fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and suppresses lipid degradation by inhibiting the action of hormone-sensitive lipase and thus blocking the release of fatty acids.
What is insulin?
87
This pancreatic hormone and this hormone from the pituitary gland both increase lipid utilization (lipolysis) during HORMONAL MOBILIZATION.
What are glucagon and growth hormone, respectively?
88
These hormones increase lipogenesis (formation of lipids) followed by promoting lipolytic enzymes, which break down the stored lipids in adipocytes into free fatty acids.
What are thyroid hormones?
89
These hormones, such as cortisol, stimulate lipolysis in adipocytes to liberate free fatty acids and triglycerides for energy utilization.
What are adrenal steroids?
90
Research has shown that elevated levels of this cytokine have been implicated as a causative factor in the development of insulin resistance associated with obesity and diabetes.
What is tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)?
91
In neural mobilization, lipase splits triglycerides, which constitute more than {...}% of the lipids stored in the adipocyte.
90
92
Are beige adipocytes Myf5 positive or negative?
Myf5 negative
93
White adipocytes can undergo brown-to-white {...} in response to the thermogenic needs of teh body.
Transdifferentiation
94
Adipocytes undergo white-to-brown and brown-to-white transformation in response to the {...} needs of an organism. This process is called {...}.
1) Thermogenic
2) Transdifferentiation
95
What 3 factors induce white-to-brown transdifferentiation to increase the number of beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue?
1) Cold exposure
2) Hormonal activity (norepinephrine)
3) Physical activity
96
What is the relationship between beige adipocytes, uncoupling protein (UCP-1), and thermogenic activity?
Beige adipocytes express UCP-1, but thermogenic activity is not completely dependent on UCP-1
97
Beige adipose tissue secretes a variety of {...} (signaling molecules) similar to that of brown adipose tissue.
Batokines
98
Which 2 proteins control the short-term weight regulation hormonal pathway?
Peptide YY & ghrelin
99
Which 2 proteins regulate the long-term weight regulation hormonal pathway?
Leptin & insulin
100
List the 2 general groups of leukocytes as well as the specific types that exist within these groups.
1) Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2) Agranulocytes - lymphocytes & monocytes
101
Why are leukocytes divided into 2 general groups?
Because oft he presence or absence of prominent specific granules in the cytoplasm
102
Both agranulocytes and granulocytes possess a small number of nonspecific {...} granules, which are {...} (type of organelles).
1) Azurophilic
2) Lysosomes
103
These are the most numerous WBCs as well as the most common granulocytes.
What are neutrophils?
104
Neutrophils are often referred to as these because of their multi-lobal (i.e., 1-5 lobes) nucleus.
What is polymorphonuclear?
105
List the 3 types of neutrophil granules.
1) Azurophilic (primary)
2) Specific (secondary)
3) Tertiary
106
These are the 1st WBCs to arrive at the infection site and are characterized by their potent antimicrobial and antifungal capacity.
What are neutrophils?
107
What is one of the most important properties of neutrophils and other WBCs?
Motility
108
A highly regulated process in which EBCs enter and exit circulation.
What is diapedesis?
109
Where does the initial phase of neutrophil circulation occur?
Post-capillary venules
110
Once the neutrophil enters the connective tissue, further migration to the injury site is directed by a process known as {...}, the binding of chemoattractant molecules and extracellular matrix proteins to specific receptors on the surface of the neutrophil.
NOTE: This process leaves a trail of "bread crumbs"
Chemotaxis
111
These WBCs (1%–4% of all leukocytes) have bilobed nuclei and eosinophilic-specific granules containing proteins that are cytotoxic to protozoans and helminthic parasites. Eosinophils are associated with allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic inflammation.
What are eosinophils?
112
These WBCs (<0.5% of all leukocytes) have irregular lobed nuclei obscured by large, basophilic-specific granules containing heparin, histamine, heparan sulfate, and leukotrienes. These substances play an important role in allergic reactions and chronic inflammations.
What are basophils?
113
These WBCs (26%–28% of all leukocytes) are the main functional cells of the immune system. They vary in size and have dense spherical nuclei surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm.
What are lymphocytes?
114
These lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity.
What are T cells?
115
These lymphocytes are involved in antibody production.
What are B cells?
116
These lymphocytes are programmed to to kill certain virus-infected and cancer cells.
What are natural killer (NK) cells?
117
These WBCs (3%–9% of all leukocytes) have indented (kidney-shaped) nuclei.
What are monocytes?
118
Monocytes transform into {...} and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They function as {...} cells in the immune system.
1) Macrophages
2) Antigen-presenting
119
These are small, membrane-bounded, anucleate cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes.
What are thrombocytes?
120
At what stage of human development is hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) initiated?
Early embryonic development
121
The development of RBCs.
What is erythropoiesis?
122
The development of WBCs.
What is leukopoiesis?
123
The development of platelets.
What is thrombopoisis?
124
In adults, {...} (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow. Under the influence of cytokines and growth factors, they differentiate into {...} (CMP) cells (which give rise to megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and/or mast cells, and monocytes) and {...} (CLP) cells (which give rise to T cells, B cells, and NK cells).
1) Hemopoietic stem cells
2) Common myeloid progenitor
3) Common lymphoid progenitor
125
This zone of the thrombocyte consists of the cell membrane covered by a thick surface coat of glycocalyx.
What is the peripheral zone?
126
This zone of the thrombocyte, near the periphery, comprises microtubules, actin filaments, myosin, and actin-binding proteins that form a network supporting the plasma membrane.
What is the structural zone?
127
This zone of the thrombocyte occupies the center of the platelet. It consists of mitochondria, peroxisomes, glycogen particles, and at least three types of granules dispersed within the cytoplasm. It consists of alpha granules, gamma granules, and lambda granules.
What is the organelle zone?
128
This zone of the thrombocyte consists of two types of membrane channels. Be sure to list these channels/systems.
What is the membrane zone?
Open canalicular system & dense tubular system
129
A powerful vasoconstrictor (also a well-known neurotransmitter) that causes vascular smooth muscle cells to contract, thereby reducing local blood flow at the site of injury.
What is serotonin?
