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22 spring: neurology > lab review > Flashcards

lab review Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A
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2
Q
A

Epithalamus – limbic and reproductive behaviors

Subthalamus- basal ganglia

Thalamus – gateway to cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus – ANS, endocrine, homeostasis

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3
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A

Midline and medial thalamic nuclei – have connections with hypothalamus, hippocampus, and piriform lobe.

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4
Q
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Intralaminar nuclei – have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.

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5
Q
A

Lateral nuclei – ventral group and dorsal group

Ventral group (projection nuclei) – project to primary receiving areas in cortex (V1, S1, A1, M1)

Dorsal Group – project to “association areas” of cerebral cortex, (LP, pulvinar, mediodorsal)

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7
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8
Q

PUL

A

pulvinar

lateral thalamic nuclei

Dorsal Group – project to “association areas” of cerebral cortex, (LP, pulvinar, mediodorsal)

Parietal –temporal-occipital association cortex -> pulvinar -> P-T-0

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9
Q

auditory pathway

(words)

A

cochlea → CN8 (cochlear nerve) → synapse in cochlear nucleus → half to superior olive → half to trapezoid body → synapse in superior olive on other side → up the lateral lemniscus→ synapse in the Inferior colliculus → up the brachium of the inferior colliculus → synapse in the medial geniculate nucleus → up by the internal capsule and auditory radiation to the Primary Auditory Cortex

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10
Q

where does auditory pathway synapse in the thalamus

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MGN

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11
Q

visual pathway (words)

A

retina → optic nerve→ nasal hemiretina cross at the optic chiasm → optic tract → synapse in the LGN → up the Internal capsule and visual radiata→ V1 (striate lobe)

Betz cells in layer 5 give stripped appearance

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12
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A
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13
Q

where does the visual pathway synapse in the thalamus

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN/DLG)

next to posterior nucleus -which is a visually related associated area

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14
Q

what pathway synapse in the VPL?

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DC-LM- touch and proprioception for body

Spinothalamic tract - pain and temp for body

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15
Q

what tracts synapse in the VPM

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Spinal trigeminal tract → pain and temp for face

main trigeminal tract→ touch for face

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16
Q
A

VL/VA

basal ganglia and cerebellum → VA/VL of thalamus → motor and premotor cortex

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17
Q

explain how basal ganglia works

A

cortex → striatum (putamen and caudate) → turns off inhibitory signal of globus pallidus→ allows impulse to VA/VL → S1

Anything that increases GP output leads to hypokinesis e.g., Parkinson’s- degeneration of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra

Decreased GP output leads to hyperkinesis e.g., Hemiballismus - loss of tonic inhibitory output to thalamus, cell loss in subthalamus

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18
Q

___ create dopamine

A

substantia nigra

Anything that increases GP output leads to hypokinesis e.g., Parkinson’s- degeneration of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra

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19
Q
A

SN

substantia nigra → makes dopamine

above the CP(cerebral peduncles → below the red nucleus (NR)

in midbrain/diencephalon

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20
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21
Q

divisions of the brain and their ventricles

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22
Q

division of the brain and its parts

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Telencephalon = Cerebrum

Diencephalon = Thalamus + Hypothalamus + Epithalamus + Subthalamus

Mesencephalon = Midbrain = Tectum + tegmentum

Metencephalon = Pons + Cerebellum

Myelencephalon = Medulla

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23
Q

parts of the hypothalamus

A

Periventricular zone -borders 3rd ventricle

periventricular nucleus

Medial zone - well defined nuclei
medial preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, mammillary bodies

Lateral Zone- controls many autonomic

lateral hypothalamus and lateral preoptic area

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24
Q

median eminence

A

no BBB

part of the medial zone of the hypothalamus

where pituitary attaches to the hypothalamus

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25
hypo→ posterior pituitary
magnocellular neurosecretory cells supraoptic nucleus[SON] and paraventricular nucleus[PVN] (from medial zone of hypothalamus) oxytocin and ADH
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hypo→ anterior pituitary
parvocellular cells paraventricular cells releasing and inhibiting hormones
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\_\_\_ split the medial and lateral zone of the hypothalamus
MTF (mammillothalamic tract) CF- column of the fornix
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MFT
mammillothalamic tract part of the papez circuit mammillary body of the hypothalamus → anterior nucleus of the thalamus
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what part of the brain?
diencephalon → can see hypothalamus/ 3rd ventricle
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PVN
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus **hypo→ posterior pituitary** magnocellular neurosecretory cells supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus oxytocin and vasopressin **hypo→ anterior pituitary** parvocellular neurosecretory cells paraventricular nucleus releasing and inhibiting hormones
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**SCN- suprachiasmatic nucleus** circadian rhythms **SON- supraoptic nucleus** **hypo→ posterior pituitary** magnocellular neurosecretory cells supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus oxytocin and ADH
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SCN
suprachiasmatic nucleus- The internal clock nucleus of the brain, for **circadian rhythms.**- found in the medial region of the hypothalamus- lies in the ventral part of the preoptic area, just below the medial and lateral preoptic nuclei.
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S1 and M1 are organized based on \_\_\_
somatotopic maps
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V1 is organized by \_\_\_
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A1 is organized by \_\_\_
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parts of the basal ganglia
involved in the selection and initiation of willed movements procedural learning **Striatum:** caudate/ putamen -input **Globus pallidus (pallidum**) -output **Subthalamus** **Substantia nigra**
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There is a region of underlying white matter consisting of \_\_\_that carry axons from individual gyri into and out of the \_\_\_, which is the major fiber bundle attaching the telencephalon to the brainstem.
corona radiata internal capsules,
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4 commissures of the brain
corpus callosum CoC commissures of the fornix and the hippocampus CoF anterior and posterior commissures. AC and PC
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where is the AC
anterior commissure
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CoF
commissure of the fornix / hippocampal commissure [CoF]- under the CoC- where the two sides of the hippocampus connect- leads into the body of the fornix
46
PC helps with?
pupillary light reflex connects the two pretectal nucleus (PTN)
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PTN- pretectal nucleus pupillary light reflex - connected by the PC(posterior commissure)
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\_\_\_ is the output of the basal ganglia
striatum (caudate and putamen)
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\_\_\_ is the output of the basal ganglia
globus pallidus
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parkinsons is
death of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra this leads to it being harder to start an action cause the globus pallidus is not turned off by the putamen
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hemiballismus
hyperkinesis too easy to make movement → flinging arms around issue with the subthalamus- leading to inactivation of the negative effect of the globus pallidus on the VA
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Claustrum
part of the basal ganglia → receives projection from the neocortex and projects directly back to the neocortex
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name the descending tracts of the motor cortex
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Vermis – median region 2. Cerebellar hemispheres 3. Flocculonodular lobe – flocculus (lateral) and nodulus (medial)
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part of the flocculonodular lobe
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subdivisions of the cerebellum
**Cerebrocerebellum (lateral zone):** cerebellar hemispheres -**dentate -** motor learning **Spinocerebellum**: vermis and paravermis- **interposed and fastigial nucleus →** compare intended and actual movement (motor error) **Vestibulocerebellum:** flocculonodular lobe- **vestibular nuclei** → posture, balance, locomotion and eye movement
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**Cerebrocerebellum (lateral zone):** cerebellar hemispheres -\_\_\_nucleus **-** motor learning
**dentate**
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**Spinocerebellum**: vermis and paravermis- \_\_\_**→** compare intended and actual movement (motor error)
**interposed and fastigial nucleus**
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**Vestibulocerebellum:** flocculonodular lobe- \_\_\_\_→ posture, balance, locomotion and eye movement
**vestibular nuclei**
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climbing fibers come from the ___ and enter through the \_\_\_
contralateral inferior olive → CCP
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4 mossy fibers
DSCT (CCP) Cuneocerebellar tract (CCP) Vestibular nuclei (CCP) **Contralateral** Pontine nuclei (MCP)
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what enters the cerebellum by the MCP?
opposite side pontine nuclei
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what enters the cerebellum through the CCP
climbing fibers from the **opposite side inferior olive** **Mossy fibers** **DSCT**- proprioception hindlimb and lower trunk- actual movement info **cuneocerebellar tract-** proprioception upper limb **vestibular nuclei-** balance
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draw the corticopontocerebellar tract
copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement) from cerebral cortex → down through the cerebral peduncle → synapse on potine nucleus in the brain stem → cross sides by the transverse fibers of the pons → into the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncle → synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate then continues to the cerebellar cortex in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere
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\_\_\_ provides a copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement)
corticopontocerebellar tract
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draw on slides the corticopontocerebellar tract
copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement) from cerebral cortex → down through the cerebral peduncle → synapse on pontine nucleus in the brain stem → cross sides by the transverse fibers of the pons → into the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncle → synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate then continues to the cerebellar cortex in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere
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DSCT draw
dorsal spinocerebellar tract proprioception hind limbs and lower trunk from muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ→ **DRG** → travel up the dorsal column to the **Clark's nucleus in T1-L3 (intermediate zone)** → then up the **lateral funiculus** → up through the **inferior cerebellar peduncle** → into the cerebrum, synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei **(dentate [DN], interpositus [IN] and fastigial[FN])**, continues to the cerebellar cortex in the **anterior and posterior lobe**
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slides for DSCT
dorsal spinocerebellar tract proprioception hind limbs and lower trunk from muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ→ **DRG** → travel up the dorsal column to the **Clark's nucleus in T1-L3 (intermediate zone)** → then up the **lateral funiculus** → up through the **inferior cerebellar peduncle** → into the cerebrum, synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei **(dentate [DN], interpositus [IN] and fastigial[FN])**, continues to the cerebellar cortex in the **anterior and posterior lobe**
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what pathway
DSCT (dorsal spinocerebellar tract) proprioception hindlimbs and lower trunk
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what tract
corticopontocerebellar tract copy of motor command from M1 → intended movement
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what tract for proprioception for neck, forelimb and upper trunk (actual movement info)
cuneocerebellar tract
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what nucleus for the lateral hemisphere of cerebellum
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what nucleus for the vermis
Fastigial [FN] and vestibular
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what nucleus for the paravermis
[IN] interposed nuclei
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what nucleus for the flocculonodular
vestibular nuclei
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output pathway for lateral hemisphere of cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum → dentate → premotor cortex (motor learning)
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output cerebellar pathway for vermis
vermis and paravermis → spinocerebellum → interposed [IN] and fastigial [FN] → motor cortex and brain stem→ compare intended and actual movements (motor error) out the superior and inferior peduncle?
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output pathway for flocculonodular lobe
vestibulocerebellum → vestibular nuclei → lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brain stem (posture balance, locomotion, eye movement) out the inferior cerebellar peduncle
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ascending outputs from the cerebellum have effect on what two descending pathways
corticospinal rubrospinal
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deep cerebellar nuclei → thalamus by the \_\_\_
superior cerebellar peduncle
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major descending outputs from the cerebellum
tectospinal- orienting reticuospinal - posture and locomotion vestibulospinal - balance
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tectospinal tract
orienting reflex
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reticuospinal tract
posture and locomotion
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vestibulospinal tract
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Betz cells → origin for the corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract→ upper motor neurons
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rubrospinal tract
voluntary distal limb movement descending tract
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CST
corticospinal tract - voluntary finger movement start in M1- layer 5 betz cells
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what tract
CST corticospinal tract - voluntary to fingers (flexors and distal muscles)
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what tract
cortico- rubrospinal tract - distal musculature
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DC-ML- touch and proprioception for body
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spinothalamic pain and temperature for body
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\_\_ tract is for arousal and attention
spinoreticulotectothalamic tract
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vestibular nucleus pathways
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medial vestibular nucleus leads to \_\_\_
VP of thalamus medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF) → VOR (stabilizing gaze) CN3,4,6 medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF) → medial vestibulospinal tract (bilateral to motor neurons for the neck-balance)
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lateral vestibular nucleus →
cerebellum limb motor neurons → lateral vestibulospinal tract (ipsilateral forelimb and hindlimb extensors(antigravity muscles) balance))
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\_\_\_ tract is for ipsilateral forelimb and hindlimb balance
lateral vestibulospinal tract
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MLF - medial longitudinal fasciculus VOR -stabilizing gaze Medial vestibulospinal tract → bilateral neck balance
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VOR
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visual system pathway
retina→ optic nerve → switch sides nasal hemiretina at optic chiasm → optic tract → synapse on LGN → up through the internal capsule and optic radiation → V1
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cochlear nucleus auditory pathway → cochlea → CN8 → cochlear nucleus (Co) → SO and Trapezoid body → SO up through LL → IC → BIC → MGN → up through internal capsule and auditory radiation to the A1
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trapezoid body **auditory pathway** cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
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superior olive **auditory pathway** cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
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LL lateral lemniscus **auditory pathway** cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
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[IC] inferior colliculus midbrain (can see the aquaduct) → mesencephalon **auditory pathway** cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
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brachium of the inferior colliculus [BIC] auditory pathway cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
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medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) **auditory pathway** cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
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septum pellucidum
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yellow
septal nuclei relays input from the hippocampus and amygdala → neocortex
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papez circuit
121
ATN?
anterior thalamic nuclei papez circuit- limbic Association nuclei of thalamus that connect to cingulate gyrus.
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DCML draw
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spinothalamic draw
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CST draw
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rubrospinal draw
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DSCT
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corticopontocerebellar tract draw
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CST -
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draw CST
CST- finger control
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spinothalamic tract
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trace spinothalamic tract
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DCML-
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trace DC-ML
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corticopontocerebellar tract- copy of motor command from M1- intended movement
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trace corticopontocerebellar tract
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DSCT- proprioception hindlimbs and lower trunk
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trace DSCT
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cortico-rubrospinal tract voluntary distal movement
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trace rubrospinal tract
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trace visual pathway
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visual pathway
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pretectum
part of pupillary light reflex
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SCN
suprachiasmatic nucleus- circadian rhythms
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SCN → suprachiasmatic nucleus → circadian rhythms
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SC
superior colliculus VOR → orienting reflex
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pupillary light reflex
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EW part of the pupillary light reflex optic tract → PTN→ cross sides in the posterior commissure [PC] → down to EW → up through Cn3 →ciliary ganglion → pupils constrict
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PTN optic tract → PTN→ cross sides in the posterior commissure [PC] → down to EW → up through Cn3 →ciliary ganglion → pupils constrict
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auditory pathway
150
trace auditory pathway
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draw papez
153
cuneocerebllar tract synapse \_\_
accessory nucleus in medulla then the deep cerebellar nuclei → anterior and posterior lobe

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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