Lab safety in histopath Flashcards by Ruth Joy De Guzman

art of analyzing and interpreting the shapes, sizes and architectural patterns of
cells and tissues within a given specific clinical background

Histopathology

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Provide the basic concepts about the principles and technicalities
involved in histopathologic procedures

Histopathologic technique

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comprised of a number
of glass beakers for filling
different processing
chemicals

Automatic tissue processor

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instrument with the help of which
sections of tissues are cut and the process of cutting
thin sections

Microtome

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refrigerated apparatus
used in fresh tissue microtomy, for
freezing the tissue into the block
holder to correct degree of hardness
to facilitate easier and faster
sectioning.

Cryostat

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Temperature of cryostat

-5⁰C
to-30⁰C (ave is -20°C)

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a timing disc which
rotates after specific
intervals, and a specimen
container holding assembly.

Automatic tissue processor

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used to float paraffin ribbons, to stretch sections and
remove wrinkle. The water temperature should be about 10 degrees below
the melting point of paraffin

TISSUE WATER BATH

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It is one of the important
machines required in
histopathology for
processing organ and
tissues before being
embedded in paraffin wax

Automatic tissue processor

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Removing moisture from samples

Laboratory oven

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What is the temperature of tissue water bath

45 - 50C

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2 functions laboratory oven

drying
dehydrating

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optimizes
times during stain process to
maximize efficiency in obtention of
results for a timely diagnosis

Automated tissue stainer

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equipment
that is used by both the pathologist and
the histotechnologist.

Microscope

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examines the slide under
the microscope to identify a disease
process or an abnormality that will
directly affect the patient’s treatment

Pathologist

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examines the same
slide microscopically for quality
control to determine whether all
technical processes are done properly
and if a slide of diagnostic quality has
been achieved.

Histotechnologist

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3 objectives of the microscope

(1) it must magnify the object
(2) it must resolve the details
of the object
(3) it must make these details
visible.

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microscope with more than
one lens and its own light
source.

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

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3 types of compound microscope viewing heads

Monocular Heads

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light
weight and are inexpensive.

Monocular Heads
Binocular heads
Trinocular Heads

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It is the most common choice

Binocular heads

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more expensive compound microscope

Trinocular Heads

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The main framework of the Compound
Microscope:

Base
Arm
Stage
Substage
Mechanical Stage

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permits movement of
the stage while holding the slide in the
phase of focus

Mechanical Stage

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located directly under the stage and holds the condenser and diaphragm.

Substage

the flat platform where the slide is placed for examination.

Stage

supports and holds the magnifying and adjustment system. It can be used as a handle for carrying the microscope.

Arm

-provides support for the microscope. The base should be large and solid enough to allow the microscope to stand by itself.

Base

parts of the lens system

Nosepiece Objectives Focal length

located at the end of the body tube for holding the objectives

Nosepiece

consist of a system of lenses located at the end of the body tube that is held in place by the nosepiece and is closer to the slide under examination.

Objectives

purpose of the objective is to increase or decrease magnification.

Objectives

When one objective is focused on the turret, all lenses will be approximately in focus

Par focal

the distance between outer lens of objective and the cover glass of the slide under examination.

Focal length

the process that increases the size of the structure under examination.

Magnification

the product of the magnifying power of the objective and eyepiece, with a normal tube length of 160 mm

Total magnification

process of ensuring and maintaining personal as well as environmental health and safety in the laboratory

Risk management

must be detailed to include control of hazardous substances, risk assessments, and other health and safety information relevant to handling of specimens

Standard operating procedures

The first step is to identify hazards that can potentially cause harm in the laboratory.

sop

exposures to chemical hazards

Chemical Hazards

Where can you obtain exposures to chemical hazards

can occur both during use and with poor storage

terms used to define the maximum allowable airborne concentration of a chemical (vapor, fume or dust) to which a worker may be exposed

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), or Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)

a regulatory limit on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air.

PELs – Permissible Exposure limits

represents the maximum level of an airborne substance that a worker can be safely subjected to without being susceptible to harm or injury.

TLVs – Threshold limit values

indicates the level of admissible exposure, for a length of time (usually 8 hours), to a chemical or physical hazard that is not likely to affect the health of a worker.

OELs – Occupational Exposure Limits

Chemical label content

Chemical name and, if a mixture, names of all ingredients; Date purchased or made; * Expiration date, if known; * Hazard warnings and safety procedures.

Chemical Hazards

Irritants Corrosive Toxic materials Carcinogens Sensitizers

Chemicals that cause reversible inflammatory effects at the site of contact with living tissue, especially the skin, eyes and respiratory passages

Irritants

Cause destruction or irreversible alterations when exposed to living tissue.

Corrosive chemicals

Capable of causing death by ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation at certain specified concentrations

Toxic materials

Substances that induce tumors in animals and humans

Carcinogens

Example of toxic materials

methanol, chromic acid, osmium tetroxide and uranyl nitrate

Example of carcinogen

chloroform, chromic acid, formaldeyhyde, auramine, basic fuchsin

Cause allergic reactions in a substantial proportion

Sensitizers

slips and falls from working in wet locations and the ergonomic hazards of lifting, pushing, pulling, and repetitive tasks.

Physical Hazards

Other physical hazards often unnoticed are

electrical, mechanical, acoustic, or thermal in nature

Substances that ignite a certain temperature

Combustibles

What is flash point

In the USA, OSHA defines "flash point" as 100°F (38°C) while the Department of Transportation defines it as 141°F (or 60.5°C).

initiate or promote combustion and present a serious fire risk when in contact with certain substances

Oxidizers

Example of oxidize

◦ sodium iodate, mercuric oxide ◦ chromic acid

refer to anything that can cause disease in humans, regardless of their source.

Biological Hazards

one of the most important health hazards,

Allergens

Hazards and Handling of Common Histological Chemicals

Hydrogen peroxide Methanol Nitric acid Xylene Cryogens Osmium tetroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sulfuric acid

degree to which healthcare services strive to provide accurate desired outcomes for patients and are consistent with current professional knowledge

Quality

system of routine technical activities

Quality control

planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the laboratory process

Quality Assurance

Getting the right test at the right time on the right specimen from the right patient with right diagnosis and the right price.

data of QC provides the data for QA

Quality assessment programs

* College of American Pathologists (CAP) * United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service

stained preparations from departmental archival records are used to assess the quality of staining

selective system

QA's two distinct systems:

selective system distributive system

participating laboratories are asked to stain sections that have been submitted by the scheme organizer

distributive system

means that the report generated by the lab are accurate.

QMS

Effective QMS

* Skilled histotechnologist/nicians * Proper specimen collection * Proper processing of specimen * Efficient processing of results * High quality of reagents and equipment * Preventive Maintenance of equipment * Continuous professional education of staff * Documentation and control * Proper coordination * Timely customer’s feedback

Example of Pre-analytical phase

* Collection of the right specimen * The proper fixation of the specimen * The correct identification of the spec * The timely transportation of the specimen

Example of Analytical phase

* Grossing * Processing * Procedure reliability using technical manual * Reagent integrity and efficiency * Cutting of paraffin sections * Staining * Slide labeling

Example of Post-analytical phase

* Diagnosis (hard copy) free of clerical errors. * Reports reaches the appropriate * clinicians/surgeons. Filing of paraffin blocks * Slides storage

Average temperature of cryostat

15-20C