Lab Test #2

Question 1

Anemia

Answer 1

A reduction in number of circulating blood cells per cubic mm, the amount of
hemoglobin per 100ml or volume of packed red cells per 100ml of blood. It exists when
hemoglobin content is less than that required to provide oxygen demands of the body.

Question 2

Autologous

Answer 2

Pertaining to a tissue or substance occurring naturally and derived from the same
individual. EX: donated blood by a patient before surgery to be returned to the patient during
or after surgery.

Question 3

Antigen

Answer 3

Any substance inducing a state of sensitivity, resistance to infection, or toxic
substances after a latent period. A substance that stimulates a specific immune system
response.

Question 4

Antibody

Answer 4

Protein found in the plasma that is responsible for humoral immunity, binds
specifically to an antigen.

Question 5

Cancer

Answer 5

A neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled growth of anaplasia cells, causing invasion of
surrounding tissue and metastasis to distant sites.

Question 6

Genotype-

Answer 6

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Question 7

Humoral immunity

Answer 7

Immunity due to presence of antibodies found in serum

Question 8

Immunity

Answer 8

Resistance to infections disease and harmful substances.

Question 9

Leukocytosis

Answer 9

A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood- May indicate an
infectious process.

Question 10

Leukopenia

Answer 10

• A decrease in the number of leukocytes found in blood. This condition may be
  caused by radiation or pathologic conditions.

Question 11

Leukemia

Answer 11

A broad term given to a group of malignant diseases characterized by diffuse
replacement of bone marrow with proliferating leukocyte precursors, abnormal numbers and
forms of immature white cells in circulation and infiltration of lymph nodes, spleen and liver.

Question 12

Metastasis

Answer 12

• The process by which tumor cells spread to distant parts of the body. Because
  malignant tumors have no enclosing capsule, cells may escape. Become emboli and can be
  transported by the lymphatic circulation or the blood to implant in the lymph nodes and other
  organs far from the primary tumor.

Question 13

Neutropenia

Answer 13

A reduction in the number of granulocytes( neutrophils) found in the blood. It is
associated with leukemia. Affected persons are extremely susceptible to infection which may
be severe enough to cause death.

Question 14

Pancytopenia

Answer 14

A marked reduction in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets.

Question 15

Phenotype

Answer 15

Characteristic observed in individuals due to expression of the genotype. EX: hair or
eye color.

Question 16

Sensitization-

Answer 16

An acquired reaction in which specific antibodies develop in response to an
antigen.

Question 17

Serum

Answer 17

Fluid portion of the blood after removal of fibrin and blood cells.

Question 18

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 18

• A reduction in the number of platelets. It is the most common cause of
  bleeding disorders.

Question 19

What are the types of WBCS?

Answer 19

Granulocytes - NEUTROPHILS - most common, first responders, have a three to five lobed nucleus. EOSINOPHILS - typically have two lobed nucleus, have eosin orange stained granules in cytoplasm. BASOPHILS - least common, contain histamine, cant see nucleus but can see little dots of red in granules.

Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes - have a large unlobed nucleus, cytoplasm may appear as a blue halo, have many antibodies for many antigens T and B cells. MONOCYTES - very large, have a kydney bean or horeshoe shaped nucleus, activated by T cells

Question 20

What are the antigens and antibodies with ABO blood types?

Answer 20

the blood cells have surface antigens or agglutinogens that tell certain antibodies to attack them. A - have A antigens and anti B antibodies. B- have B antigens and anti-a antibodies. O have no antigens so have both A and B antibodies. AB has A and B antigens therefore no antibodies

Question 21

what is Rh antigen and its relation to blood types?

Answer 21

this is a protein antigen that can be found on RBCs as well.
People who have the antigen are Rh positive and those who don’t are Rh negative.
antibodies to this protein can be produced if someone who is negative is transfused with someone with positive blood.

Question 22

Universal donor and recipient?

Answer 22

Donor - O

Recipient - AB

Question 23

What is hemoglobin??

Answer 23

a molecule that has an iron contianing heme group and the protein globin.

Question 24

What is hematoctit and the normal ranges for males and females?

Answer 24

(Packed Cell Volume) the percentage of red blood cells in the total cell volume.

38-48% females
44-54% males

Question 25

Normal serum ranges for RBC, WBC, and platelets?

Answer 25

WBC - 3.9-11.1 thousand per cubic millimeter RBC - 4.20-5.70 million per cubic millimeter Platelet - 140-390 thousand per cubic millimeter

Question 26

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves of the heart?

Answer 26

These prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atria when the ventricles contract. also allow blood into the ventricles during atrial contraction. (Right- Tricuspid and Left - Bicuspid or mitral)

Question 27

What is the role of the semilunar valves in the heart?

Answer 27

These valves prevent the backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary trunk to the left and right ventricles during ventricular relaxation, and also allow blood into aorta and pulmonary trunk during ventricular contracton. (pulmonary and aortic)

Question 28

What is the path of impulse conduction in the heart?

Answer 28

Sinoatrial (SA) node ------- Atrioventricular (AV) Node ---------Atrioventricular (AV) bundle ------- Left and Right Bundle Branches ----- Purkinje Fibers

Question 29

What is the P wave?

Answer 29

Also called a deflection wave, this represents atrial depolarization.

Question 30

What is the QRS complex?

Answer 30

This represents ventricular depolarization. (atrial repolarization is masked by the massive wave)

Question 31

What is the T wave?

Answer 31

This represents ventricular repolarization.

Question 32

What ions are moving into the cells during the pacemaker potential?

Answer 32

sodium ions are slowly leaking through non-gated channels

Question 33

What ions are moving into the cell during depolarization?

Answer 33

fast sodium and slow calcium

Question 34

What ion is moving into the cell during the plateau phase

Answer 34

slow calcium this is at 0mv

Question 35

What ion is moving into cell during repolarization?

Answer 35

Potassium

Question 36

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right ventricle?

Answer 36

The left ventricle is under a lot more pressure and requires greater force to contract blood to the entire body, rather than just the lungs.

Question 37

What is the pacemaker of the heart called?

Answer 37

The Sinoatrial Node. (SA Node)

Question 38

What is Diastole and Systole?

Answer 38

Diastole is the relaxation of the heart muscle and systole is the contraction of the heart muscle.

Question 39

What is heart rate?

Answer 39

The number of heart beats per minute.

Question 40

What is stroke volume?

Answer 40

The volume of blood pumped per heart beat.

Question 41

What is cardiac output?

Answer 41

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Question 42

What are the valves doing during systole?

Answer 42

The semilunar valves are opening.

Question 43

What are the valves doing during diastole?

Answer 43

The valves are closed allowing blood to fill the atria until the atria contact (AV valves open)

Question 44

What does the ANS have to do with vasculature?

Answer 44

The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate.

Question 45

What are the effects of compliance?

Answer 45

If something is more compliant it means that when the pressure changes the volume increase is greater, and it comes back to its original state easier. (arteries are more compliant that veins) When compliance is increased, the vessel stretches easier, which makes systolic pressure less, when the vessel snaps back to original shape because of compliance the energy from that goes into the veins increasing diastolic pressure. THIS DECREASES PULSE PRESSURE

Question 46

PNS stimulation?

Answer 46

PNS decreases the heart rate.

Question 47

SNS stimulation?

Answer 47

SNS increases the heart rate.

Question 48

Blood pressure and blood viscosity relations to circulation?

Answer 48

The thicker the blood is the more work the heart has to do to circulate blood, meaning higher blood pressure, and worse circulation.

Question 49

What is preload?

Answer 49

This is the diastolic pressure in the ventricles just before contraction. This stretches the muscle fibers before they contract. (The volume entering the ventricles)

Question 50

What is afterload?

Answer 50

This is the pressure against which the ventricles contract, or the resistance they contract against during systole. (tension developed by the heart during contraction)

Question 51

What is the systolic blood pressure?

Answer 51

the pressure during contraction of the left ventricle.

Question 52

What is the diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 52

The pressure when the heart is resting.

Question 53

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Answer 53

The average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle. If this is low then the organs of the body aren't receiving enough blood pressure.

Question 54

What is the pulse pressure?

Answer 54

This the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. This represents the range of pressure in the arteries.