Lab test 4

Question 1

What are the side effects of the ultra short acting barbiturates?

(6)

Answer 1

 Small therapeutic index, side effects can be life threatening

 Pronounced respiratory depression (dose-dependent, reversible) Given IV slowly (20 sec)

 Cardiovascular depression → hypotension (dose
dependent or individual sensitivity → irreversible)

 Tissue irritation (only given IV)

 Pre- and postnarcotic excitation

 Serious resp. depression in neonates

Question 2

What are the side effects of the NMDAs? (ketamine, tiletamine)

(8)

Answer 2

 Catalepsy!

 Mild respiratory depression → dyspnoe

 Mild stimulant of the cardiovascular system! → hypertension,
frequency increases, arrhythmias!

 Eye, jaw tone

 “bad dream”

 Increased ICP

 Increased intraocular pressure

 Protective reflexes retained

Question 3

Name the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines?

4

Answer 3

1) Sedation
2) Muscle relaxation
3) Anxiolytic
4) Anticonvulsion

Question 4

Name the pharmacological effects of α2 agonists.

3

Answer 4

1) Sedation
2) Muscle relaxation
3) Analgesia

Question 5

Name the main effects of premedication for anaesthetics.

3

Answer 5

 Decrease dose of anaesthetic

 Analgesia (Neuroleptanalgesia)

 Decrease pre/post narcotic excitation

Question 6

Which IV administration anaesthesia is susceptible to bacterial contamination?

Answer 6

Propofol

Question 7

Name the drug for treatment of convulsions?

Answer 7

1) Diazepam
2) Phenobarbital/pentobarbital
3) Propofol
4) Inhalational anaesthetics

Question 8

Which drug is used for the treatment of long term epilepsy?

Answer 8

Phenobarbital

Question 9

Name the ultra short acting barbiturates that cannot be readministered?

Answer 9

Thiopental and thiamylal

5-8 min

Question 10

Which drug is used to capture wild animals?

Answer 10

Etorphine (1000x stronger analgesic effect than morphine)

Question 11

Explain teratogenicity. How many species are needed to be tested? Which
species are they? And Why?

Answer 11

 A teratogen is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo
or fetus. Teratogenic drugs halt the pregnancy or produce a congenital
malformation (a birth defect).

 Need to test on at least two species.

 Usually rat and rabbit.

 Some species may not suffer from any side effects of the teratogens and
so it’s important testing on other species.

Question 12

What sedate-hypnotic agent would you recommend to a cardiovascular patient?

Answer 12

Benzodiazepines

Question 13

Which drug is used for status epilepticus?

Answer 13

Phenobarbital

Question 14

Name the NSAID’s isoenzymes. Which one is in the CNS and which drug acts on it?

Answer 14

 COX-1, COX-2, COX-3.

 COX-3, paracetamol

Question 15

Name the side effects of Propofol?

5

Answer 15

 pronounced respiratory depression, apnoea (slowly: 20 sec)

 cardiovascular depression → hypotension

 septicaemia

 appetite stimulant

 postnarcotic excitation (pre- is rare)

Question 16

What is the difference between the neuroleptoanalgesia and general anaesthesia?

Answer 16

 General anaesthesia is the total loss of consciousness + muscle relaxation + analgesia motoric and sensory functions to a level, where any operation can be
executed. The respiratory and cardiovascular functions are maintained.

 Neuroleptoanalgesia is a state of indifference to, or reduced appreciation
of pain brought about by the use of Neuroleptics and Analgesic drugs.
Consciousness is retained. Neuroleptanalgesia allows surgery to be
performed without inducing general or local anaesthesia.

Question 17

NSAIDs are harmful to which organs? What do you use to counteract them?

Answer 17

 Liver → Give liver protectants

 Kidneys → Give sodium bicarbonate to treat metabolic acidosis

 G.I tract. → Give proton pump inhibitors for stomach irritation, activated charcoal for GI irritation

 Cartilage → (prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol)

Question 18

Name the pharmacological effects of NSAID.

7

Answer 18

 Anti-inflammatory

 Antipyretic

 Analgesic

 Inhibition of platelet aggregation

 Antiendotoxin

 Spasmolytic

 Antineoplastic

Question 19

What are the active substances of glucocorticoids?

Answer 19

• Cortisol
• Prednisolone
• Methylprednisolone, Triamcinolone, Betamethasone,
  Dexamethasone, Beclomethasone, Fluticasone.

Question 20

What are the active substances of glucocorticoids?

8

Answer 20

• Cortisol
• Prednisolone
• Methylprednisolone
• Triamcinolone
• Betamethasone
• Dexamethasone
• Beclomethasone
• Fluticasone.

Question 21

Name the side effects of opioids?

7

Answer 21

 Respiratory depression (pronounced)

 Bradycardia, hypotension (vasodilation)

 Vomiting (CTZ, GI mucosa)

 Antitussive effect (morphine, codeine, butorphanol)

 Constipation

 Urinary retention

 Excitation (CAT) → can be avoided by decrease dose, combination

Question 22

Name the side effects of NSAID’s.

6

Answer 22

 GI tract: gastric/duodenal erosion, ulcer, bleeding, protein loss.

 Kidney: nephropathy (more pronounced in dehydrated animal, decreased RBF)

 Liver: hepatotoxicity: rare, but hepatopathy

 Methemoglobinaemia

 Allergy: anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions

 Platelet aggregation inhibition

Question 23

Name a2 drugs.

Answer 23

• Xylazine
• Detomidine
• Medetomidine
• Dexmedetomidine
• Romifidine

Question 24

Quality requirements of injections and infusions.

Answer 24

1) Sterile
2) Isotonic
3) Isohydric
4) Microsuspension/ microemulsion
5) Isoionic

Question 25

Dosages for target animals.

Answer 25

1st group: placebo 2nd group: normal dose 3rd group: 3x dose 4th group: 5x dose

Question 26

How many species must be tested.

Answer 26

2 | Rodent + non-rodent rat + rabbit

Question 27

Which materials are examined in a residue analysis?

Answer 27

Edible tissues, milk, eggs, honey

Question 28

This agent is an antidote of opiods. A. Butorphanol B. Tramadol C. Fentanyl D. Naloxone

Answer 28

Naloxone