Lab Tests and Other Material

Question 1

Identify the electrolyte most influential in determining circulating blood volume and the hormone which control its concentration in the body

Answer 1

1) Sodium 2) Aldosterone

Question 2

Normal Serum Na

Answer 2

135-145 mEq/L

Question 3

What is sodiums role in thirst?

Answer 3

When Sodium Levels increase, thirst receptors in the hypothalamus stimulate thirst sensations

Question 4

What do sodium levels tell you/not tell you?

Answer 4

They tell you the level of hydration in the body, however they do not tell you about the possibility of over consumption of sodium

Question 5

Hypernatremia (levels and hydration analysis)

Answer 5

high levels of sodium in the serum/blood; mimics dehydration, because during dehydration levels of sodium are high.

Question 6

What level of sodium is indicative of hypernatremia?

Answer 6

levels greater than 145 mEq/L

Question 7

What sodium levels are indicative of hyponatremia?

Answer 7

Serum sodium less than 135 mEq/L

Question 8

What are some causes of hyponatremia?

Answer 8

usage of diuretics; Excessive loss of gastrointestinal fluids from vomiting, diarrhea or fistula drainage; renal disease with sodium wasting states

Question 9

Treatment of hyponatremia

Answer 9

Administer normal or hypertonic saline

Question 10

Pseudohyponatremia

Answer 10

Blood contains excess water relative to salt; caused by fluid overload

Question 11

Sodium levels associated with pseudohyponatremia

Answer 11

Serum sodium levels below 135 mEq/L

Question 12

Causes of pseudohyponatremia

Answer 12

Edematous states; Ascites w/cirrhosis of the liver; congestive heart failure

Question 13

What group of individuals are the most at risk for developing hyponatremia?

Answer 13

The elderly

Question 14

Why is glutamine added to some enteral formulas?

Answer 14

1) non -essential amino acid 2) considered essential during illness 3) cells depleted by more than 50% following severe illness 4) preferential fuel source for enterocytes in the gut mucosa, especially during stress ( helps gut barrier, integrity, and enhances GI cell mass and height of mucosal villi

Question 15

What components are added to formulas to enhance or maintain a patient’s immunity?

Answer 15

glutamine, arginine, omega-3- fatty acids, and antioxidants. claim to reduce infection rates and decrease the length of stay, but the results are mixed

Question 16

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 16

The biochemical and physiologic mechanisms of drug action

Question 17

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 17

Time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 18

ADL

Answer 18

Activities for Daily living: muscular strength; (Handgrip Dynamometry;Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly
;Lower Extremity Physical Function and Performance)

Question 19

IADLs

Answer 19

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: cognitive abilities; (Three item recall, animal naming test, clock drawing test)

Question 20

Primary Care

Answer 20

First point of consultation (Family practitioners)

Question 21

Secondary health

Answer 21

Curative, not preventative (medical specialists)

Question 22

Tertiary

Answer 22

Highly specialized; 1) Personnel and facilities for advanced medical investigation and treatment
ex: intensive care unit, burn unit, bone marrow transplant

Question 23

Quaternary care

Answer 23

highly specialized and not widely available; Research, experimental medicine, and some types of uncommon diagnostic or surgical procedures

Question 24

Medicare Part A

Answer 24

Hospital insurance ; 1) Inpatient care hospital or rehabilitation 2) Skilled nursing facility (maximum of 100 days coverage) 3) Hospice Care 4) Home Health 5) Premium Free

Question 25

Medicare Part D

Answer 25

Prescription; Prescription drugs only, Brand drugs and generic, No over-the-counter drugs

Question 26

Medicaid

Answer 26

Income based, health care payed for by state and federal government, covers more than 60% of all long-term care residents

Question 27

Minimum Necessary Rule

Answer 27

Generally the amount of PHI used, shared, accessed, or requested must be limited to only what is needed for the health care provider to do their job and fulfill their professional responsibilities for that patient.

Question 28

HIPAA

Answer 28

Created national standards to protect the privacy of health information

Question 29

PHR

Answer 29

Personal Health Record; Electronic health record maintained and managed by the patient; Can increase patient participation in their own care and assist families in the information they might need to assist a family member

Question 30

EHR

Answer 30

Electronic Health Record; a longitudinal electronic record of patient health information generated by one or more encounters in any care delivery setting. Included in this information are patient demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports.”