Lab Values Flashcards by Sawyer Pietuszka

normal range for potassium

K+ 3.5-5

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normal functions for potassium

maintain resting potential of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle - muscle function and nerve impulse conduction

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what can cause hypokalemia?

(less than 3.5)

diarrhea
diabetic ketoacidosis
potassium wasting diuretics

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signs and symptoms of hypokalemia

(less than 3.5)

muscle weakness - life-threatening if respiratory muscles
cardiac dysrhythmias

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what can hyperkalemia?

(greater than 5)

oliguria
kidney dysfunction

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signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

(greater than 5)

muscle weakness
ascending paralysis
cardiac dysrhythmias

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what is the main concern with hyperkalemia and hypokalemia? K+

arrhythmias and dysrhythmias

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what is the normal range for calcium?

Ca+ 8.4-10.5

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what is the normal function of calcium?

influences excitability of nerve and muscle cells - muscle contraction

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where is calcium found?

blood, teeth, and blood clotting

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what can cause hypocalcemia?

(less than 8.4)

diarrhea
malabsorption syndrome like chron’s disease
vitamin D deficiency
hypoparathyroidism

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what vitamin is needed to absorb calcium?

vitamin D

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signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

(less than 8.4)

numbness
tingling
positive chvostek’s sign
positive trousseau sign

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chvostek’s sign

facial muscle spams caused by tapping a spot close to the ear

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trousseau’s sign

hand spasm due to pressure on the arm like a blood pressure cough

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paget’s disease

interferes with bone replacement cycle

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what can cause hypercalcemia?

(greater than 10.5)

hyperparathyroidism
paget’s disease
thiazide diuretics

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signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia

(greater than 10.5)

decreased reflexes
bone pain
weakness
confusion
lethargy
decreased level of consciousness

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the normal level of magnesium?

Mg2+ 1.5-2.5

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what can cause hypomagnesemia?

(less than 1.5)

dietary restrictions
diuretics
malabsorption
diabetic ketoacidosis

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signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

(less than 1.5)

hypocalcemia
irritable
hypertension
involuntary movements
hyperactive deep tendons reflex
positive chvostek’s sign
positive trousseau’s sign

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what can cause hypermagnesemia?

(greater than 2.5)

end-stage renal disease
preeclampsia
administration of IV mag2+

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signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

(greater than 2.5)

lethargy
absent or diminished deep tendon reflex
EKG changes
nausea and vomiting
impaired breathing
cardiac arrest
hypotension

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relationship between magnesium, calcium, and phosphate

magnesium and calcium are inversely related to phosphate

if magnesium and calcium are high, then phosphate will be low
of magnesium and calcium are low, the phosphate will be high

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normal hematocrit range

men - 45-52% | women - 37-48%

what is hematocrit?

percent of the blood that is RBC

what increases hematocrit range?

increases with dehydration

normal hemaglobin range?

men - 13-18 | women - 12-16

what can cause low hemoglobin levels?

(below 13 in men and 12 in women) - blood loss - hemolytic anemia - bone marrow suppression

symptoms of low hemoglobin?

(below 13 in men and 12 in women) | - dyspnea

what is hemoglobin?

part of the RBC that carries oxygen

what substance is needed to make hemoglobin?

iron

under what value of hemoglobin do you become concerned for a blood transfusion?

HGB under 10

normal relationship between hematocrit and hemoglobin?

hematocrit should be 3 times higher than hemoglobin

what is the normal range for RBC?

men 4.7 - 6.1 | women 4.2-5.4

what is secreted by the kidneys to stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow?

erythropoietin

what is inside a RBC?

hemaglobin - carries O2

where are RBC made?

bone marrow

what is required to make RBC?

B12 and folic acid

what is anemia?

low RBC - decreased erythrocytes

what are signs and symptoms of anemia?

pale, weak, SOB with activity

what is polycythemia?

high RBC

what does polycythemia due to blood?

blood becomes more viscous (thick)

what does polycythemia decrease?

decreases percent of cellular O2

what is the normal range for WBC?

5000-1000

what does WBC do?

fight infection

where are WBC made?

bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

what are the two types of WBC?

granulocytes and agrunolocytes

leukopenia

(less than 5,000) | - low levels of WBC - risk for infection

leukemia

abnormal WBC - risk for infection

leukocytosis

(greater than 10,000) | - high levels of WBC - fighting infection

normal level for creatinine?

0.8-1.4

what is creatinine?

waste product excreted by kidneys

what do creatinine levels evaluate?

kidney function (some antibiotics are nephrotoxic)

normal level for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

10-20

what do BUN levels evaluate?

kidney function

signs and symptoms of high BUN levels?

(greater than 20) - result of dehydration - may indicate low kidney function - mental confusion

two kinds of total protein?

albumin and globulin

what regulates albumin and globulins (total protein)?

regulated by the liver and kidneys

what is the function of albumin?

- carrying drugs - fluid balance - maintaining osmotic pressure

what is the function of globulins?

immunity

what does pre albumin evaluate?

nutritional status

normal bilirubin level?

0.2-1.0

what is bilirubin?

from destructed RBCs in the liver

what does bile do?

give color to stool

what do high bilirubin levels cause?

(greater than 1.0) | jaundice

what should cholesterol be less than total?

150

what does high cholesterol lead to?

(greater than 150) | - leads to atherosclerosis which can decrease blood flow and cause a MI or TIA

what is ldl in terms of cholesterol?

l = lethal, bad cholesterol

what is hdl in terms of cholesterol?

h = healthy, good cholesterol

what do enzymes always end in?

"-ase"

what is an isoenzyme?

can isolate the source of tissue damage | - damaged tissue will release the enzyme

BNP

another marker for CHF

elevated cardiac tropin

elevation shows cardiac event

the normal range for platelet count/thrombocyte count

150,000-400,000

thrombocytopenia

(less than 150,000) - idiopathic - bone marrow disease - drugs and radiation therapy

thrombocytosis

(greater than 400,000) - malignant tumors - splenectomy

aspirin and platelets

asprin interferes with clotting mechanism and the body compensates by producing platelets

normal level for sodium

135-145

what is hyponatremia?

(less than 135) - gain of more water than salt - loss of more salt than water - cells swell

signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?

(less than 135) - decreased level of consciousness - confusion - lethargy - coma - seizures if it occurs rapidly

what is hypernatremia?

(greater than 145) - loss of more water than salt - gain of more salt than water - cells shrivel

signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

(greater than 145) - decreased level of consciousness - confusion - lethargy - coma - thirst - seizures if it occurs rapidly

Lab Values Flashcards

(83 cards)