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IV Therapy, Fluids, Electrolytes & Lab Values > Lab Values > Flashcards

Lab Values Flashcards

(127 cards)

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1
Q

What is BUN?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Nitrogen in blood from the waste product UREA and is produced when protein is broken down in our bodies.

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2
Q

BUN: expected range

A

10-20 mg/dL

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3
Q

Complications related to BUN > 20 mmol/L

A

Kidney disease
Dehydration
Other conditions that decrease blood flow to kidneys (CHF, MI, shock)

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4
Q

What is creatinine?

A

Creatinine is the waste product produced by normal breakdown of muscles in our bodies.

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5
Q

Creatinine: expected range

A

0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL

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6
Q

Increased creatinine levels are indicative:

A

Kidney Dysfunction

*Fun fact: Creatinine is a more accurate assessment of kidney function than BUN.

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7
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

GFR is used to assess kidney function by measuring how much blood passes through the glomeruli/min.

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8
Q

GFR: expected range

A

> 90 mL/min

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9
Q

GFR ranges r/t stages of CKD (chronic kidney disease):

A

Stage 1 = > 90 mL/min; minimal kidney damage

Stage 2 = 60-89 mL/min; mild kidney damage

Stage 3 = 30-59 mL/min; moderate kidney damage

Stage 4 = 15-29 mL/min; severe kidney damage

Stage 5 = < 15 mL/min; kidney failure

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10
Q

What is INR?

A

International Normalized Ratio

Ratio of patient’s prothrombin time (PT)… (aka patient’s clotting time) to a control PT; used to assess effectiveness of warfarin (anticoagulant) therapy.

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11
Q

INR: expected range

A

08 - 1.1

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12
Q

INR: therapeutic range on warfarin therapy

A

2 - 3

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13
Q

Elevated INR is indicative of:

A

Warfarin therapy
Bleeding disorders
Liver disease
Sudden decrease in Vitamin K intake (antidote to warfarin)

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14
Q

What is PT?

A

Prothrombin time

Clotting time; extrinsic and common pathways in coagulation cascade

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15
Q

PT: expected range

A

11 - 13 seconds

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16
Q

PT: therapeutic range on warfarin

A

(1.5 - 2 times the baseline)

Approx. 17 - 26 seconds

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17
Q

Increased PT would be indicative of:

A

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
Liver disease
Vitamin K deficiency
Clotting factor deficiency

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18
Q

What is aPTT?

A

Activated partial thromboplastin time

Clotting time; intrinsic system and common pathways in coagulation cascade

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19
Q

aPTT: expected range

A

30 - 40 seconds

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20
Q

aPTT: therapeutic range on warfarin

A

(1.5 - 2 times the baseline)

Approx. 45 - 80 seconds

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21
Q

Increased aPTT would be indicative of:

A

Heparin therapy
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
Hepatic disease

*Fun fact: Protamine sulfate is the antidote to heparin.

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22
Q

What is ALT?

A

Alanine aminotransferase

This is an enzyme produced by the liver and important in metabolism.

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23
Q

ALT: expected range

A

4 - 36 units/L

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24
Q

Increased ALT would be indicative of:

A

Liver dysfunction

*Fun fact: ALT is more specific to the liver than AST.

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25
What is AST?
Aspartate aminotransferase This is an enzyme found mostly in the liver, but also in the muscles.
26
AST: expected range
0 - 35 units/L
27
Increased AST is indicative of:
Liver dysfunction | Tissue damage in the body (heart, skeletal muscle)
28
What is pH?
Measure of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in our blood.
29
pH: expected range
7.35 - 7.45
30
Increased pH is indicative of:
Alkalosis * Respiratory alkalosis = pH > 7.45 & PaCO2 < 35 * Metabolic alkalosis = pH > 7.45 & HCO3 > 26
31
Decreased pH is indicative of:
Acidosis * Respiratory acidosis = pH < 7.35 & PaCO2 > 45 * Metabolic acidosis = pH < 7.35 & HCO3 < 22
32
What is PaO2?
Partial pressure of oxygen Measure of oxygen pressure in our arterial blood.
33
PaO2: expected range
80 - 100 mmHg
34
Decreased PaO2 is indicative of:
Poor oxygenation in arterial blood due to COPD, pneumonia, asthma, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress, and failure.
35
What is PaCO2?
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide Measure of carbon dioxide in our arterial blood.
36
PaCO2: expected range
35 - 45 mmHg
37
Increased PaCO2 is indicative of:
Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis (<35)
38
Decreased PaCO2 is indicative of:
Respiratory or metabolic acidosis (>45)
39
What is HCO3?
Bicarbonate "bicarb" This is an important buffer regulated by our kidneys.
40
HCO3: expected range
22 - 26 mEq/L
41
Increased HCO3 is indicative of:
Respiratory or metabolic acidosis (>26)
42
Decreased HCO3 is indicative of:
Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis (<22)
43
What could be the cause of respiratory alkalosis due to a decrease in PaCO2?
Hyperventilation | Compensation for metabolic acidosis
44
What could be the cause of respiratory acidosis due to an increased PaCO2?
Hypoventilation | Compensation for metabolic alkalosis
45
What could be the cause of metabolic acidosis due to a decreased HCO3?
DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) Kidney failure Diarrhea Compensation for respiratory alkalosis
46
What could be the cause of metabolic alkalosis due to an increased HCO3?
Excess antacids Vomiting NG suctioning Compensation for respiratory acidosis
47
What is SaO2?
Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin Amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in our arterial blood.
48
SaO2: expected range
95 - 100% | Low 90s for COPD patients
49
Decreased SaO2 is indicative of:
Hypoxemia (abnormally low oxygen level in blood) due to: Anemia COPD Pneumonia Asthma ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) Pneumothorax Pulmonary edema
50
What is Na and its expected range?
Sodium - important electrolyte for nerve/muscle function and maintaining fluid balance. 135 - 145 mEq/L
51
What Na range is indicative of hyponatremia?
<135 mEq/L
52
What Na range is indicative of hypernatremia?
>145 mEq/L
53
What is K and its expected range?
Potassium - important electrolyte for maintaining ICF (intracellular fluid and the regulation of heart/muscle contractions. 3.5 - 5 mEq/L
54
What K range is indicative of hypokalemia?
<3.5 mEq/L
55
What K range is indicative of hyperkalemia?
>5 mEq/L
56
What is Ca and its expected range?
Calcium - important electrolyte for bone/teeth formation, muscle/nerve function, and clotting. 9 - 10.5 mg/dL
57
What Ca range is indicative of hypocalcemia?
<9 mg/dL
58
What Ca range is indicative of hypercalcemia?
>10.5 mg/dL
59
What is Mg and its expected range?
Magnesium - important electrolyte for nerve/muscle function and biochemical rx in our bodies. 1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L
60
What Mg range is indicative of hypomagnesemia?
<1.3 mEq/L
61
What Mg range is indicative of hypermagnesemia?
>2.1 mEq/L
62
What is Cl and its expected range?
Chloride - important electrolyte for maintaining fluid balance and component of digestive juices. 98 - 106 mEq/L
63
What Cl range is indicative hypochloremia?
<98 mEq/L
64
What Cl range is indicative of hyperchloremia?
>106 mEq/L
65
What is P and its expected range?
Phosphorus - important electrolyte for bone/teeth formation, metabolism, and protein synthesis. 3 - 4.5 mg/dL
66
What P range is indicative of hypophsphatemia?
<3 mg/dL
67
What P range is indicative of hyperphosphatemia?
>4.5 mg/dL
68
What is CKMB and its expected range?
Creatine kinase MB This is an enzyme found primarily in heart muscle and is released with heart damage. ER = 0% of creatine kinase
69
Increased CKMB is indicative of:
Damage to the heart due to ischemia (blood flow and oxygen restricted/reduced in a part of the body).
70
What is Troponin T and its expected range?
This is a protein in heart muscle fibres and released with heart muscle injury. <0.1 ng/mL
71
Increased Troponin T is indicative of:
Damage to the heart due to ischemia. *Fun fact: Troponin T is the most specific and reliable cardiac enzyme to diagnose a myocardial infarction.
72
What is Troponin I and its expected range?
This is a protein in heart muscle fibres and released with heart muscle injury. <0.03 ng/mL
73
Increased Troponin I is indicative of:
Damage to the heart due to ischemia.
74
What is Myoglobin and its expected range?
This is an oxygen-binding protein found in heart and skeletal muscles. <90 mcg/L
75
An increased Myoglobin is indicative of:
Myocardial infarction | Muscle damage/inflammation
76
What is Cholesterol and its expected range?
This is a waxy, fat-like substance. *Fun fact: Excess cholesterol in the blood can combine with other substances to form plaque and lead to atherosclerosis (thickening/hardening of arteries due to plaque build-up).
77
What is LDL and its expected range?
Low density lipoprotein that can lead to a build-up of cholesterol in the arteries. <130 mg/dL *TIP: Think "L" for "lousy cholesterol".
78
Increased LDL is indicative of:
Increased risk for atherosclerosis Heart disease Myocardial infarction
79
What is HDL and its expected range?
High density lipoproteins that carry cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the liver where it can be removed from the body. Females: >55 mg/dL Males: >45 mg/dL
80
Decreased HDL is indicative of:
Increased risk of heart disease
81
What are Triglycerides and its expected range?
This is a type of fat; extra calories are turned into triglycerides and stored in fat cells. Females: 35 - 235 mg/dL Males: 40 - 160 mg/dL
82
Increased Triglycerides is indicative of:
Increased risk for atherosclerosis Heart disease Myocardial infarction
83
What is hBNP and its expected range?
Human B-type natriuretic peptides This is a hormone produced in our ventricles and released in response to fluid overload. <100 pg/mL (no heart failure)
84
What is RBC and its expected range?
Red blood cells Circulating cells that transport oxygen to the body's cells. Females: 4.2 - 5.4 million/uL Males: 4.7 - 6.1 million/uL
85
Increased RBCs is indicative of:
Polycythemia (increased RBCs) | Severe dehydration
86
Decreased RBCs is indicative of:
Anemia Hemorrhage Kidney disease
87
What is WBC and its expected range?
White blood cells Part of our body's immune system; WBCs fight infection and disease. 5 000 - 10 000 mm3
88
What is the term for increased WBCs, the range, and indications:
Leukocytosis >10 000 mm3 Infection Inflammation
89
What is the term for decreased WBCs, the range, and indications:
Leukopenia <5 000 mm3 Autoimmune disease Bone marrow suppression Drug toxicity
90
What are the types of WBCs and their percentage in circulation?
``` Neutrophils 40-60% Lymphocytes 20-40% Monocytes 2-8% Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0.5-1% ```
91
What causes an increase in neutrophils?
Acute bacterial infections
92
What causes an increase in lymphocytes?
Chronic bacterial or viral infections
93
What causes an increase in monocytes?
Protozoal and viral infections Tuberculosis Chronic inflammation
94
What causes an increase in eosinophils?
Allergic reactions | Parasite infections
95
What causes an increase in basophils?
Leukemia
96
What are platelets and its expected range?
Blood cell fragments used to form clots in the body (to stop bleeding). 150 000 - 400 000 mm3 *Note: low platelets = high risk of bleeding
97
What causes a decreased in platelets?
Hemorrhage Leukemia Splenomegaly
98
What causes an increased platelet count?
``` Polycythemia (increased RBCs) Inflammatory diseases Infection Cancer Splenectomy ```
99
What is Hgb and its expected range?
Hemoglobin Iron-rich protein in RBCs that carry oxygen. Females: 12 - 16 g/dL Males: 14 - 18 g/dL
100
What causes decreased Hgb?
Anemia Hemorrhage Kidney disease
101
What causes increased Hgb?
COPD | Severe dehydration
102
What is Hct and its expected range?
Percentage of the blood made up of RBCs Females: 37 - 47% Males: 42 - 53%
103
What causes a decreased Hct?
Anemia Hemorrhage Kidney disease
104
What causes an increased Hct?
COPD | Severe dehydration
105
What is D-Dimer and its expected range?
This is a protein fragment from the breakdown of a blood clot. <0.4 mcg/mL (negative/normal result)
106
What is Amylase and its expected range?
This is an enzyme produced in the pancreas and salivary glands, and helps to digest carbohydrates. 30 - 220 units/L
107
What is Lipase and its expected range?
This is a protein released by the pancreas into the small intestine and helps the body absorb fat. 0 - 160 units/L
108
What is Bilirubin (total) and its expected range?
This is a yellow substance found in bile and produced during normal breakdown breakdown of RBCs. 0.3 - 1 mg/dL
109
What is Albumin and its expected range?
This is a protein made by the liver and important for keeping fluid in the bloodstream. 3.5 - 5 g/dL
110
What is Prealbumin and its expected range?
This is a protein made by the liver and important for transport of substances and synthesis of other proteins. 15 - 36 mg/dL
111
What is "total protein" and its expected range?
This is the total of albumin and globulin in the fluid portion of the blood. 6.4 - 8.3 g/dL
112
What is Ammonia and its expected range?
This is a waste product produced by the body during digestion of protein. 10 - 80 mcg/dL
113
What is CRP and its expected range?
C-Reactive Protein This is a protein made by the liver and released into the bloodstream during inflammation. <3 mg/dL
114
What is Urine Specific Gravity and its expected range?
Compares the density of urine to the density of water 1.010 - 1.025 *Note: <1.010 = dilute urine >1.025 = concentrated urine
115
What is Urine Osmolality and its expected range?
Urine concentration; amount of dissolved substances in urine 300 - 900 mOsm/kg *Note: Decreased levels = dilute urine Increased levels = concentrated urine
116
What is Serum Osmolality and its expected range?
Measures the amount of dissolved substances in the liquid part (plasma) of the blood. 275 - 295 mOsm/L *Note: <275 = dilute blood >295 = concentrated blood
117
What is T3 and its expected range?
Triiodothyronine Hormone produced by thyroid gland and regulates metabolism and growth. 70 - 204 ng/dL *Note: Decreased levels = hypothyroidism Increased levels = hyperthyroidism
118
What is T4 and its expected range?
Thyroxine Hormone produced by thyroid gland and regulates metabolism and growth. 4 - 12 mcg/dL *Note: Decreased levels = hypothyroidism Increased levels = hyperthyroidism
119
What is TSH and its expected range?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the amount of hormones released by the thyroid gland. 0.5 - 5 mU/L *Note: Decreased levels = hyperthyroidism Increased levels = hypothyroidism
120
What is PSA and its expected range?
Prostate-Specific Antigen This is a protein produced by the prostate gland cells. <4 ng/mL *Note: Increased levels could indicate presence of prostate cancer or benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).
121
What is the expected range for urine output?
>30 mL/hr *Note: Decreased output can be indicative of shock, infection, or trauma. Notify HCP.
122
What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?
Fasting blood glucose = >126 mg/dL Casual blood glucose = >200 mg/dL 2 hr Oral glucose tolerance test = >200 mg/dL HgbA1C = >6.5%
123
What are the expected ranges of blood glucose?
Fasting = <100 mg/dL 2 hr Oral glucose tolerance = <140 mg/dL HgbA1C = < 6%
124
What is the lab value for hypoglycemia?
<75 mg/dL blood glucose
125
What is the lab values for DKA and HHS (hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state)?
``` DKA = > 300 mg/dL blood glucose HHS = > 600 mg/dL blood glucose ```
126
What is the expected range for CO (cardiac output)?
4 - 8 L/min
127
What is the expected range for ICP (intracranial pressure)?
10 - 15 mmHg

IV Therapy, Fluids, Electrolytes & Lab Values (3 decks)

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