Lab9a- Nervous System Histology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the organs of the nervous system?
A
- brain
- cranial nerves
- spinal chord
- spinal nerves
2
Q
What are the organs of the nervous system is composed of?
A
•nervous tissue
3
Q
How many subdivision is there in the nervous tissue?
A
•2
4
Q
What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?
A
- neurons
* neuroglial cells
5
Q
What are neurons?
A
• the functional cells of the nervous system
6
Q
Why are neurons called the functional cell?
A
• because they are capable of conducting electrical impulses
7
Q
What forms she neurons bundle together?
A
• nerves
8
Q
What are neuroglial cells?
A
• group of different types of cells that perform support function for neurons
9
Q
What is a characteristic of neuroglial cells?
A
- smaller than neurons
* more numerous
10
Q
How many types of neuroglial cells is there?
A
• 6
11
Q
What are the 6 types of neuroglial cells?
A
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglial cells
3 Astrocytes - Ependymal cells
- Schwann cells
- Satellite cells
12
Q
What are the 4 neuroglial cells that can only be found in the central nervous system? (CNS)
A
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglial cells
3 Astrocytes - Ependymal cells
13
Q
What are the 2 neuroglial cells found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
- Schwann cells
6. Satellite cells
14
Q
What composes the central nervous system? (CNS)
A
• brain and spinal chord
15
Q
What composes the peripheral nervous system? (CNS)
A
• cranial and spinal nerves
16
Q
How can neurons be classified?
A
- structural differences
* functional differences
17
Q
What are the main components of a neuron anatomy?
A
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
- axon terminals
- initial segment
18
Q
What are the types of polar a neuron can be?
A
- multipolar
- bipolar
- unipolar
19
Q
What are the characteristics of a multipolar neuron?
A
- 2+ dendrites
- single axon
- most common
- motor neurons to skeletal muscle
20
Q
What are the characteristics of a bipolar neuron?
A
- 2 distinct processes
- cell body in the middle
- not very common
- found in special sense organ like eye
21
Q
What are the characteristics of a unipolar neuron?
A
- axon and dendrites are fused
- cell body bulges out
- most seen in PNS
- dendrites arise from initial segment
22
Q
What does the cell body contain?
A
• nucleus and organelles
23
Q
What are the organelles of the cell body?
A
- mitochondrion
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- nucleolus
25
Q
What does the cell body do??
A
- receives impulses from dendrites
* conducts impulse to axon
26
What is another name for the cell body?
•soma
27
What are dendrites?
* branched processes at proximal end
| * extend from cell body
28
What does dendrites form?
• synapses with axon
29
What does a dendrite do?
* stimulated by preceding cell
| * conducts impulses to cell body
30
What is the axon hillock?
• wonder base of axon
31
What happens at the axon hillock?
• axon arises from cell body
32
What is an axon?
• single process from cell body
33
What does the axon do?
• carries impulses away from cell body
34
Where does the axon end??
• at axon terminals
35
What is the myelin sheath?
• axon covering of some peripheral neurons
36
What is the myelin sheath composed of?
• lipoprotein molecules w/in Schwann cells
37
What is the outer layer of myelin sheath called??
• neurilemma
38
What is a Schwann cell?
• neuroglial cell from PNS
39
Where can you find a Schwann cell?
• wrapping around axon like a jelly roll
40
What does the Schwann cell produce?
• myelin sheath
41
What is the node of Ranvier?
• gap in myelin sheath
42
What happens at the anode of Ranvier?
• nerve impulse moves down axon from node to node
43
What are the axon terminals?
• branched distal end of axon
44
What does the axon terminals form?
• synapses with dendrites
45
What does the axon terminals store?
• neurotransmitter
46
What are the 2 important roles of the spinal chord?
1. Convey sensory information
| 2. Initiates motor command
47
How many spinal nerve pairings is there?
• 31
48
To what is continuous the spinal chord??
• medulla oblongata
49
Where on the skull does the spinal cord exit?
• foramen magnum
50
What does the spinal cord descend through?
• spinal cavity
51
How is the spinal cavity formed?
• through the vertebral canals
52
What is fused to the surface of the spinal cord?
• pia mater
53
What is the conus medullaris?
• cone shaped end to the spinal cord
54
Where is the conus medullaris located in an adult?
• around L1 or L2 vertebrae
55
What fills the spinal cavity from the point of conus medullaris and on?
• only nerves
56
What does cauda equina mean?
• horse tail
57
What is the cauda equina?
• collection of spinal nerves extending from conus medullaris
58
What does the film terminals serve for?
• anchors
59
How many pairs compose the cervical nerves?
•8
60
Through what does the cervical nerves run?
• C1- C8
61
Where does the cervical nerves exit?
• between cervical vertebrae
62
How many pairs for the thoracic nerves?
• 12
63
Through what does the thoracic nerves run?
• T1-T2
64
Where does the thoracic nerve exit?
• between thoracic vertebrae
65
How many pairs compose the lumbar nerves?
• 5
66
Through where does the lumbar nerves run??
• L1-L5
67
Where does the lumbar nerve exit at?
• through sacral foramina
68
How many nerve pairs compose Coccygeal nerves ?
• 1
69
Through where does the coccygeal nerves run?
• Co1
70
Where does the coccygeal nerve exit?
• below sacrum
71
What does gray matter consists of?
* cell bodies of neurons
* unmyelinated axons
* neuroglia
72
How is gray matter arranged?
• regions called horns
73
What does each horn in gray matter contain?
• nucleus
74
What is the nucleus in gray matter?
• collection of cell bodies located w/in the CNS
75
What does the sensory nuclei do?
• receives incoming sensory information
76
What does the motor nuclei do?
• sends motor command
77
What is the collection of cells bodies located OUTSIDE the CNS called?
• ganglion
78
What is a nerve?
• bundle of axons traveling together outside the CNS
79
What is the nerve root?
• point at which the nerve connects with the spinal chord
80
Central canal
* runs length of spinal cord
| * contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
81
Dorsal gray horn
* posterior gray horn
| * location of sensory nuclei
82
Lateral gray horn
* only in thoracic and lumbar regions
| * location of motor nuclei to internal organs
83
Central gray horn
* anterior gray horn
| * motor nuclei to skeletal muscles
84
Gray commissure
• connection between 2 sides of spinal cord
85
Central root
* contains axons or motor neurons
| * carries motor commands
86
Dorsal root ganglion
• contains cells bodies
87
Dorsal root
* contains axons or sensory neurons
| * carries sensory information
88
Spinal nerve
• contains sensory and motor neurons
89
What is white matter primarily composed of?
• myelinated axons
90
How is the white matter arranged?
* columns
| * funiculi
91
What does each column carrie?
• nerve tracts
92
What is a tract?
• bundle of myelinated axons
93
Where are these tracts located??
• totally inside the CNS
94
To where does ascending tracts carry information?
• brain
95
To where does descending tracts carry information??
• spinal nerves
96
Dorsal white column
• carries ascending sensory tracts
97
Ventral white column
• carries ascending and descending sensory motors
98
Front line
• anterior median fissure
99
Back line
• Posterior median sulcus
100
Central white commissure
* connects central white columns
| * middle center
101
Lateral white column
• carries ascending sensory tracts and defending motor tracts
102
What is a plexus?
• groups of adjacent nerves
103
How many plexus are there?
• 4
104
What are the 4 plexus?
1. Cervical
2. Brachial
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
105
What is the major nerve of the cervical plexus?
• phrenic
106
What does phrenic innervate?
• muscle- diaphragm
107
What are the 5 nerves of the brachial plexus??
1. Axillary
2. Musculocutaneous
3. Median
4. Ulnar
5. Radial
108
What does the nerves in brachial plexus intervene?
• skin and muscle
109
Where does the axillary innervate skin?
Shoulder
110
Where does the axillary innervate muscle?
• deltoid muscle
111
Where does the musculucutaneous innervate skin?
• Lateral foreman
112
Where does the musculucutaneous innervate muscle?
• flexor muscle of arm
113
Where does the median innervate skin?
• anterolateral hand
114
Where does the median innervate muscle?
• flexor muscles of forearm and finger flexor
115
Where does the ulnar innervate skin?
• medial hand
116
Where does the ulnar innervate muscle?
Wrist and many hand muscles
117
Where does the radial innervate skin?
• posterolateral arm
118
Where does the radial innervate muscle?
• Triceps brachii and extensor muscles of forearm and wrist
119
What are the 3 nerves of the lumbar plexus?
1. Lateral femoral cutaneous
2. Femoral
3. Obturator
4. Saphenous
120
Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous innervate skin?
• anterior, lateral, posterior thigh
121
Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous innervate muscle?
• does not
122
Where does the femoral innervate skin?
* anteriomedial thigh
| * medial leg and foot
123
Where does the femoral innervate muscle?
• anterior thigh muscles
124
Where does the obturator innervate skin?
• medial thigh
125
Where does the femoral innervate skin?
• adductor muscle of thigh
126
Where does the saphenous innervate skin?
• medial leg
127
Where does the femoral innervate muscles?
• does not
128
What are the 3 nerves of the sacral plexus?
1. Sciatic
2. Tibial
3. Common fibular
129
Where does the sciatic innervate skin?
• does not
130
Where does the sciatic innervate muscle?
• posterior thigh muscle
131
Where does the tibial innervate skin?
• posterior leg and sole of foot
132
Where does the tibial innervate muscle?
• knee and ankle plantar flexors
133
Where does the common fibular innervate skin?
• anterior leg and Dorsum of foot
134
Where does the common fibular innervate muscle?
• does not
