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Genetics 2 > Laba > Flashcards

Laba Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Cytogenetics
Nucleoprotein

A

Cellular events involving chromosomes with genetics
DNA+ histones

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2
Q

Staged of DNA coiling

A

Nucleosome
Solenoid
Filament
Chromosome

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3
Q

Hetero vs eu

A

Tight, silenced or repetitive DNA
Relaxed and active genes

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4
Q

First step in gene activation
Chromosomes morphology

A

Freeing DNA from histones
Length/ centromere) knobs/ satellites

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5
Q

8 parts of a chromosome

A

Centromere / kinetochore(spindles attach)
Chromatid (2 sisters)
Chromatin(DNA+proteins)
2ndry constriction for nucleolar org
Telomere
Chromomeres(bead like structures that carry genes)
Matrix (non genetic material)

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6
Q

Chromosome membrane is

A

Pellicle

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7
Q

Plant stress is

A

External factor that has disadvantageous effect on the plant

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8
Q

Stress effects
Ex to ratio matters

A

Positive, eustress
Negative, distress
Water deficiency = hardening which is positive, as long as below wilting which negative

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9
Q

All stress types
Factors
Effect
Time
Where

A

Biotic and abiotic (physical can be measured)
Positive eustress and negative distress
Short term and long term
Internal and external

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10
Q

Biotic stress

A

Partial or significant damage
Microorganisms cause disease
Insects and animals cause physical damage through perdition
Plants phyto-parasitism and competition

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11
Q

Tolerance in plants

A

Adaptation, genetic and inherited to increase function and fitness in stressful environment
Acclimation, non heritable physiological modification due to stress

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12
Q

Mitosis studied in….which has…and ..

A

Meristem
Region of elongation
Region of maturation

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13
Q

Needed solutions

A

Carnoys buffer for killing and fixation (6 alcohol: 3 chloroform: 1 glacial acetic acid)

Aceto carmine stain

1M HCl for hydrolysis (10 ml abs: 90 ml water)

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14
Q

How to prepare aceto carmine stain

A

1 gm carmine in 200 ml acetic acid 45% reflux for 20 mins by gentle boiling then filter

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15
Q

Steps for onion roots, normal

A

Grow, cut 1-2 cm, carnoy, 70% ethanol, store at 4°C
Wash by water
HCl and water bath for 10 mins
Wash
Root on slidr

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16
Q

Treatment at 4°C

A

Transfer healthy bulbs to refrigerator at 4° C for 24h
And repeat the rest

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17
Q

Effect at 4° C

A

Sticky chromosomes which increases the chance for rearrangements events.

Cooling affects histones so they form sticky shapes.

Seen in metaphase and anaphase.

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18
Q

What is karyotyping

A

Procedure to study the whole set of chromosomes of an organism mainly at metaphase as they are the shortest and thickest in that phase

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19
Q

Onion roots at 0.5° C

A

Sticky and condensed in one part of the cell due to breakage and denaturation causing the regions to stick together and not undergo mitosis

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20
Q

Cytogenetics include

A

Routine analysis of G banded chromosomes and cytogenetic banding techniques and molecular cytogenetics FISH and comparative genomic hybridization.

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21
Q

Karyotype vs idiogram vs karyogram

Study These Flashcards
A

Photograph of all chromosomes arranged as homologous pairs acc to size

Diagram of chromosome pairs
Diagram showing location of genes as bands

22
Q

Onion 2n is

Study These Flashcards
A

16 chromsomes

23
Q

.

Study These Flashcards
A

After many cell divisions the telomeres
shorten which causes cellular senescence
and many age-related diseases when functional
genes near telomeres are lost.

24
Q

How cooling affects stickness

Study These Flashcards
A

Telomeres have sheltrin proteins that protect them, low temp alter the shape of sheltrin causing telomeres to be naked. This causes instability and loss of cellular viability as chromosomes stick to each other.

Cooling does also affect the units of micro tubulin that forms the spindle fibers so chromosomes are unable to separate at poles so they stick and condense.

25
Telomeres and their function
Repetitive DNA at the end of the chromsomes. Cap for chromosomes to prevent sticking. Protect from degradation. Help distinguish between normal. chromosomes and fragments. Related to cell's age.
26
Carnoys buffer use
Cell fixation to prevent futher changes Cell permeabilization by ethanol for stain Chromosomal spreading to visualise them Preservation of cell, maitin integrity
27
Aceto carmine use HCl use
Non specific nuclear stain that binds with chromosomes and form deep red. Hydrolyze cell wall for visualisation
28
Colchicine....the chromosome and prevents.....resulting in....chromosome This is with conc...for...hours
Shortens Spindle formation Spread out 0.04% 4
29
How colchicine inhibits mitosis
Spindle disruption Chromosome condensation Metaphase delay Cell cycle arrest
30
Mechanism of colchicine in details
It interferes with polymerization of spindle by integrating into a- tubulin and b- tubulin dimer inducing GTP hydrolysis by GTPase turning the b subunit into an E site. This prolongs the metaphase and nearly inhibits anaphase stimulating duplication and polyploidy.
31
When to use colchicine
For gout attacks it eases pain by inhibiting neutrophiles by binding to spindle preventing gout flare and having an anti inflammatory effect. Agriculture as it induces polyploidy so better root system and nutrient uptake so increased yield and cost effective.
32
Details abt gout Why Symptoms Why gout flare
Increased uric acid levels Pain,swelling,joint stiffness, big toe affected Macrophages phagocyting monosodium urate crystals
33
Effect of colchicine
Distorted and abnormal growth patterns for root tips with increased thickness Sticky metaphase Chromosomal fragmentation Larger chromosomes Chromosomal bridges and rings
34
Role of meiosis
Haploid gametes for sexual reproduction Prevent chromosome doubling and polyploidy Genetic variation by crossing over Evolutionary adaptation, disease tolerance Breeding and crop improvement enhance traits from genes from wild relatives
35
Meiosis phases
Leptotene Zygote Pachetene Diplotene Diakinesis
36
Microspore is Microsporangium
Mother cell of pollen Male in plants
37
Bread wheat is... With .... Chromosome Organised as Each set represents a recombination from.....each contribute to 2 sets This causes
Hexaploid 42 A genome, B genome, D genome The 3 subgenomes Variability and adaptibility
38
Effects of irradiation
Chromosome aberrations, disrupting notmal pairing Meiotic abnormalities, no synaptonemal complex so increased reaarangements and breakage Mutations to genes controlling meiotic homologous pairing Variation, appearance of new traits Ploidy, unbalanced gametes
39
Why does irradiation have various effects on meiosis
Ability to induce genetic mutations
40
Chromosomal abberations Cell..and..
Breakage so structural changes Rearrangements by deletion, duplication, translocation Death and reproductive sterility due to radiation
41
Ionizibg radiation DNA damage
X-ray / gamma rays DNA lesions Single and double stranded breaks
42
Irradiation on mitosis
Sticky Fragments Ring Bridge
43
Why study populations
Evolution, how freq of an allele that controls a trait changed with time Factors that lead to allele freq change, many loci How gene freq affects evolution through phenotype
44
Micro evolution Natural selection Population genetics Allele freq Gene pool
Change in gene freq in short time period Well suited survives Study allele freq in populations and how they change How common an allele is (allele no./total alleles no.) All copies of all genes in a population
45
Allele freq Genotype fre Phenotype freq
Allele/total alleles Genotype/ total genotypes No. Of white/ all
46
Hardy weinberg principle
In large random mating population both allele and genotype freq remain constant from generation to another unless impacted by an external factor
47
The formulas
P+q= 1 P2+2pq+q2= 1 P is dominant Q is reccessive P2 is homozygous dominant Q2 is homozygous reccessive 2pq is heterozygous
48
Assumptions for hardy weinberg population
No mutation Random mating No gene flow Very large population size No natural selection
49
Chromosomal abnormalities
Deletion Duplication Inversion (paracentric , centromere not involved, pericentric) Translocation (reciprocal and robertsonian) Ring formation
50
Robertsonian vs reciprocal
Robertsonian is 2 acrocentric chromosome fusing leading to change from 46 to 45 Reciprocal is segment transfer but no change in number
51
Synaptonemal complex
Multiprotein complex that mediates synapsis and recombination bet homologous chromosomes

Genetics 2 (10 decks)

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