Laboratory Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
: points of attachment for leaves, aerial roots, and flowers
A
• node
2
Q
: a section of stem between two stem nodes
A
• internode
3
Q
•: stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf
A
petiole
4
Q
•: embryonic shoot that lies at the junction of the stem and petiole that gives rise to a branch or flower; occurs at the leaf node
A
axillary bud
5
Q
occur at the end/apex (tip) of the stem; contains apical meristem (tissue of
actively dividing cells)
A
• terminal bud/apical bud
6
Q
: protects the Figure 4.1. Parts of a stem buds/meristems
A
• bud scale
7
Q
: mark left by the bud scale after it falls off
A
• bud scale scar
8
Q
•: mark left by the leaf after it falls off the twi
A
leaf scar
9
Q
: mark left by the vascular bundle when the leaf and stem broke off
A
• bundle scar
10
Q
are the most common plant cells. They are found in the stem, the root, the inside of the leaf, and the pulp of the fruit; responsible for metabolic functions, such as photosynthesis. They also help repair and heal wounds.
A
Parenchyma cells
11
Q
are elongated cells with unevenly-thickened walls. They provide structural support, mainly to the stem and leaves. These cells are alive at maturity and are usually found below the epidermis.
A
Collenchyma cells
12
Q
also provide support to the plant, but unlike collenchyma cells, many of them are dead at maturity.
A
Sclerenchyma cells
13
Q
The ___ of the stem consists primarily of epidermis: a single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue
A
dermal tissue
14
Q
Woody plants have a tough, waterproof outer layer of cork cells commonly known as
A
bark
15
Q
Xylem tissue has three types of cells, namely____
A
xylem parenchyma, tracheids, and vessel elements
16
Q
are xylem cells with thick secondary cell walls that are lignified.
A
• Tracheids
17
Q
are xylem cells with thinner walls; they are shorter than tracheids
A
• Vessel elements
18
Q
is composed of sieve-tube cells, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers.
A
Phloem tissue
19
Q
are arranged end-to-end to create a long sieve tube, which transports organic substances such as sugars and amino acids.
A
sieve-tube cells (also called sieve-tube elements)
20
Q
are found alongside the sieve-tube cells, providing them with metabolic support; contain more ribosomes and mitochondria
A
• Companion cells
21
Q
is mostly made up of parenchyma cells, but may also contain collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells that help support the stem.
A
Ground tissue
22
Q
are cylindrical, secondary meristems in both stem and root that give rise to either vascular tissue or secondary dermal tissues
A
LATERAL MERSTEMS
23
Q
- located between xylem and phloem
A
• vascular cambium
24
Q
- located between phloem and bark
A
• cork cambium
25
: growth that occurs during a finite juvenile phase, and then stops.
• determinate growth
26
: growth that occurs throughout the life of the organism.
• indeterminate growth
27
lives for about a year, flowers and dies
• annual plant:
28
lives for more than one year
• perennial plant:
29
: dead center of the woody stem in which conducting elements of xylem are clogged with tannins and resin, and no longer function to conduct fluids
• heartwood
30
: external ring of xylem still conducting fluids
• sapwood
31
: large-lumen xylem formed in spring
• springwood
32
: small-lumen xylem formed in summer/late autumn, just before dormancy
• summerwood
33
gas exchange pores; These are "spongy" regions found on the bark of stems (and sometimes aerial roots) of woody vascular plants
lenticels
34
: a shoot that grows along the ground and produces roots at its nodes; a runner
• stolon
35
: a fleshy, thickened, underground stem of a plant, usually containing stored starch, as for example a potato or arrowroot
• tuber
36
: green branches of limited growth which have taken up the functions of photosynthesis
• cladode
37
: a horizontal underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes
• rhizome
38
: a short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as drought
• corm
39
: the bulb-shaped root portion of a plant such as a tulip, from which the rest of the plant may be regrown
• bulb
40
: a thin, spirally-coiling stem that attaches a plant to its support
• tendril
41
: a sharp, protective spine of a plant
• thorn
42
•: a bulb-shaped bud in the place of a flower or in a leaf axil
bulbil
43
A flat, green and extensive lateral adjunct developed form the node of the stem or its branches is called
leaf.
44
– the tip of the leaf where the hydathode is can be found, the hydathode is
where the excess water comes out during guttation
Leaf apex
45
– this refers to the edge of the leaf
Leaf margin
46
– composed of the vascular tissue of the leaf for the transport of nutrients, water and food around the leaf
Leaf veins
47
– the central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf
Midrib
48
– part of leaf which is attached to the petiole
Leaf base
49
–part of the leaf which connects the leaf to the stem; it is a stalk like structure and arranges the lamina to get proper sun light.
Petiole
50
* Petiole is present in a leaf –
| * Petiole is absent in a leaf –
Petiolate leaf
| Sessile leaf
51
– Main part of the leaf which is broad, green and flat. It contains the __ ,__ ,__ ,__ ,__
Leaf lamina/leaf blade; apex, margin, veins, midrib, & base
52
- the precursor of a branch or lateral shoot, is formed at the junction between a leaf and the stem
Axillary bud
53
- a small leaflike appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the petiole
Stipule
54
Leaf containing single lamina and auxiliary bud at its axis is called
simple leaf.
55
Lamina is divided into independent leaflets and notch is completed and reaches to the tip of the petiole; It does not contain auxiliary bud.
compound leaf
56
: leaflets are arranged on both lateral sides of the main vein
Pinnate
57
– Leaflet is present on the main midrib
Unipinnate
58
– Leaflets are present on the secondary branches
Bipinnate
59
– Many leaflets are presents on the higher order branches
Multipinnate
60
: leaflets are arranged on the tip of the petiole.
Palmate
61
– Single leaflet at the tip of the petiole e.g. lemon
– Two leaflets on the tip of the petiole e.g. Balanites
– Many leaves let on the tip of the petiole e. g. Bombax
➢ Unifoliate
➢ Bifoliate
➢ Multifoliate
62
- a single blade, not divided into sections
• simple leaf
63
• - the margin of the leaf is indented, but not all the way to the midrib.
lobed leaf
64
- leaf blade is divided into leaflets, all the way down to the midrib (which is called the rachis in a compound leaf)
• compound leaf
65
- feather-shaped leaf composed of leaflets
pinnately compound
66
palm-shaped leaf composed of leaflets
palmately compound
67
– the arrangement of veins the leaves
Leaf Venation
68
The arrangement of leaves on stem or its branches are called
phyllotaxy.
69
- a noncellular, waxy sheet of cutin secreted by the epidermis
• cuticle
70
- this one-cell thick layer of "skin" tissue lacks chloroplasts.
• epidermis
71
• - layer of photosynthetic parenchyma (chlorenchyma) of a tall, columnar shape.
palisade mesophyll
72
- second layer of photosynthetic parenchyma (chlorenchyma), this one with copious air spaces to facilitate transpiration
• spongy mesophyll
73
In vein system xylem is located on __; phloem on__
top; bottom
74
- contains most of the stomates
• lower epidermis
75
Metabolically active and often composed of diverse cell types, this is the plant's first line of defense against environmental insult
Epidermis
76
- epidermal protuberances located on aerial parts of plant, that protect plant from excess transpiration, high temperature, radiation, ultraviolet (UV) light, and herbivore attack
✓ trichomes
77
- specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange
✓ guard cells
78
Gas exchange pores called ___are located primarily on the ___ of leaves in most plant species
stomates; underside
79
- plant evolved to thrive in very wet conditions
hydrophyte
80
- plant evolved to thrive in very dry conditions
o xerophyte/xeriphyte
81
- plant evolved to thrive in moderate conditions (with respect to water)
mesophyte
82
is the leaf's ground tissue, composed primarily of parenchyma containing a great density of chloroplasts
Mesophyll
83
- vertical, columnar cells closest to the upper epidermis. These have more chloroplasts than the rest of the mesophyll, and most photosynthesis seems to take place
✓ Palisade Parenchyma
84
- these are typical, box-shaped cells, with much more air/fluid space between them than the pallisade cells. Fewer chloroplasts, but photosynthesis still takes place here.
✓ Spongy Parenchyma
85
–leaf modification for water storage and reproduction
Succulent/Adventitious bud/Reproductive leaves
86
– leaf modification for attracting pollinators
Bracts/Colored leaf
87
– leaf modification for protection/water conservation
Spine
88
– leaf modification for nutrient accumulation/protection
Insect trap
89
– leaf modification for water loss protection
Scale
90
- a reduced leaf usually modified for protection, such as bud scales or rhizome scales; its function is to protect the bud
Cataphyll
91
–leaf modification for support
Tendril
92
Give the 4 functions of leaf
1. Photosynthesis.
2. Transpiration
3. Floral Induction.
4. Food Storage
93
is basically a stem with leaf-like structures
flower
94
flower stalk is a _____, and the very end of the axis, where the other flower parts are attached, is the ___
pedicel; receptacle
95
Plants that have a stalk are known as ___ whereas those that do not have a stalk are known as ___
pedicellate flowers; sessile flowers
96
There are four types of floral appendages namely___
sepals, petals, stamens and carpels/pistils
97
are the lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages. They are typically the thickest, toughest and waxiest of the flower parts
Sepals
98
Collective term for sepals? petals?
calyx; corolla
99
Their main function is to protect the flower while it is still in the bud stage.
sepals/calyx
100
are located above the sepals on the receptacle; they are the colorful parts of the flower to which the pollinators are attracted to
Petals
101
Sepals and petals together constitute the flower’s _____
perianth
102
Flowers that have multiple lines of symmetry + radially symmetrical=
Flowers with only a single line of symmetry + bilaterally symmetrical=
actinomorphic (regular);
| zygomorphic (irregular).
103
The _____ is a term given to the male reproductive system in a flowering plant
androecium
104
are found above the petals, known collectively as androecium
Stamens
105
the pollen producing part of the plant
anther
106
It is a long slender tube-like structure that holds the anther at the top of it.
• Filament
107
The _____ is a term given to a
| collection of pistils or carpals
gynoecium
108
It is the sticky end of the style which is responsible for catching pollen when they are pollinated.
• Stigma
109
It is a thin tube-like structure that holds the stigma and is attached to the ovary at its base
• Style
110
An ____ is where megaspores are produced. Inside it are placentae, regions of the tissue that bear small structures called ____
ovary ;ovules.
111
• Complete flowers are made up of ____
calyx, corolla, stamens, and a pistil or pistils
112
lack one or more of the four regular parts of a complete flower.
Incomplete flowers
113
______have both stamens and pistils, but not necessarily sepals or petals.
_____lack either stamens or pistils, and may or may not have sepals or petals
* Perfect flowers
| * Imperfect flowers
114
_____have a stamen or stamens, but no functional pistils.
| _____have a pistil or pistils, but no functional stamens.
Staminate (male) flowers
| Pistillate (female) flowers
115
these plants bear both staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant
• Monoecious plants
116
these plants bear staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate flowers on a different plant
• Dioecious plants
117
– the ovary is positioned/attached above the petals, sepals, and stamens; and
– the ovary is found below the attachment of the petals, sepals, and stamens
* Superior ovary
| * Inferior ovary
118
: Below the gynoecium
: Around the gynoecium
: Above the gynoecium
* Hypogynous
* Perigynous
* Epigynous
119
The _____ is a ripened ovary which function to protect and disperse seeds; it is the product of entire pistil
fruit
120
True of false
| The development of an ovary into a fruit and ovule into a seed take place AFTER fertilization.
True
121
The ____ is the wall of the ovary that develops as the wall of the fruits
pericarp
122
: Outermost layer, forms the peel.
: Middle layer, fleshy, edible portion of the fruits
: Innermost layer, inner rough portion where the seed is accommodated
* Epicarp
* Mesocarp
* Endocarp
123
is a fruit resulting from the development of separate flowers in a compact inflorescence.
Multiple fruit
124
arises from the development of separate ovaries in one flower
Aggregate fruit
125
arises from a single ovary; they are classified into various kinds according to their consistency, structure and dehiscence.
Simple fruit
126
- the ovary wall is fleshy, has one or more carpels and may seeds
Berry
127
- berry with hard rind;
| - berry with leathery rind
a) Pepo
| b) Hesperidium
128
– derived from a single carpels, endocarp hard and one-seeded
Drupe or stone fruit
129
– derived from several carpels, receptacle fleshy, outer portion of pericarp fleshy, inner portion papery
Pome
130
fruits which split open when ripe
Dehiscent fruits
131
– carpels four; two outer ones, sterile and two inner ones, fertile
Silique
132
– carpels two or more, dehiscing in one or four different ways
Capsule
133
– opens along one suture (ventral)
Follicle
134
– carpel one, splitting along two sutures
Legume or true pod
135
– one-seeded, seed attached to the seed coat at one point only; e.g., cosmos, sunflower
Achene
136
– one-seeded, pericarp formly united all around the testa
Caryopsis
137
– one or two-seeded, pericarp bearing a wing-like outgrowth
Samara
138
– a hard, one seeded fruit, generally produced from an inferior compound ovary and with an involucre
Nut
139
– carpels two or more, united splitting apart at maturity
Schizocarp
140
is a ripened or a matured ovule. It is the plant reproductive entity consisting of an embryo and stored food enclosed in a seed coat.
Seed
141
is a nutritive material in the seeds.
Endosperm
142
- the part of a seed embryo that develops into the shoot bearing the first true leaves of a plant
• Plumule
143
– covering of the seed; develops from the integument of an ovule
• Seed coat/testa
144
– cylindrical organs that encloses the first leaf (or plumule) and shoot apex in monocotyledon seedlings
• Coleoptile
145
- storage tissue other than cotyledons in many seeds, formed by fertilization of central cell
• Endosperm
146
- storage part of the plant embryo
• Cotyledon or seed leaf
147
- form at the lower end of the embryo that will late develop into a primary root
• Radicle
148
- a region of shoot above the point of attachment of the cotyledon; bears the first foliage leaf
• Epicotyl
149
- a part of the embryo found below the point of attachment of the cotyledon
• Hypocotyl
150
– a large, ova scar where the seeds broke from funiculus or when the beans are harvested
Hilum
151
– a small opening in the seed coat at one side of the hilum
Micropyle
152
– a ridge at the side of the hilum opposite the micropyle
Raphe
153
Give the five types of seed dispersal
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Seed dispersal by:
wind
water
animal and birds
gravity
explosions
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