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PHARMA LAB > Laboratory Animal Models > Flashcards

Laboratory Animal Models Flashcards

1
Q

First Veterinarian in laboratory medicine.

A

Dr. Simon Brimhall, VMD

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2
Q

Role of Veterinarians in Biomedical Research

A
  1. Provide Veterinary Care
  2. Oversee Animal husbandry
  3. Manage Animal Facilities and Breeding Colonies
  4. Study laboratory animal diseases
  5. Perform collaborative independent research
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3
Q

Uses of toxicological testing

A
  1. Pharmaceutical products
  2. Agrochemical products
  3. Veterinary drug
    -Safety in food animals
    -Safety assessment of residues
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4
Q

3 “R”s

A

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement

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5
Q

DA Administrative Order 40

A

Authority of BAI

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6
Q

Species of choice in Reproductive toxicity testing

A

Rats and Mice

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7
Q

Primarily used to determine hazard regarding the potential effect of prenatal exposure on the developing fetus

A

Developmental toxicity testing
Species of Choice: Rodents and Rabits

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8
Q

Measurement of reproductive functional and structural defects in both sexes

A

Reproductive toxicity test

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9
Q

Species of choice in cutaneous toxicity test

A

Albino rabbit and guinea pigs

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10
Q

Asses potential acute local limitation and to evaluate acute subchronic and chronic systemic toxic effects

A

Cutaneous toxicity testing

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11
Q

Species of choice in genotoxicity testing

A

Rodents

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12
Q

Detect gene damage induced by the test compound

A

Genotoxicity testing

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13
Q

Examine the possibility that a tested agent might cause tumors and other chemically related effects in one or more animal soecie

A

Carcinogenicity testing

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14
Q

Detect adverse effects of xenobiotics on the immune system including all the relevant cells, organs and immune mechanisms

A

Immunotoxicity testing

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15
Q

Chemical Injury MOA

A

Direct contact&raquo_space; Coagulate protein or damage cell membrane lipids

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16
Q

Mercuric chloride poisoning MOA

A

Increased membrane permeability and inhibition of ion transport

Damage Kidney and GIT cells

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17
Q

Necrosis of epithelial cells MOA

A

Affect key enzymes and metabolic intermediate of affected cells

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18
Q

Mechanism of Oxalic Acid (Plant toxin)

A

Inhibit succinic dehydrogenase

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19
Q

Mechanism of Fluoroacetate (Rodenticide)

A

Aconitase

20
Q

Toxicant in the inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation and its mechanism

A

Cyanides
Inhibition of enzymes containing iron, predominantly of cytochrome oxidase

Limited oxygen uptake
Low ATP production
- Fatigue
-Weakness

21
Q

Toxicants of Uncoupling Phosphorylation and its mechanism

A

Dinitriphenols
Chlorophenol
Arsenates

Increase oxygen utilization
Energy dissipated as heat
No ATP formation

-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Fever

22
Q

Plants that can cause Cyanide poisoning

A

Peach
Apricos
Arrowgras
Johnsongrass
Plum
Cherry
Almond
Elderberry

23
Q

Toxicants of inhibition nucleic acid and protein synthesis and its mechanism

A

Aflatoxin
Organimecurials
Amantin (Mushroom Toxin)

Combine with large or small ribosomal unit
Alkylation of DNA and inhibit replication/transcription

24
Q

MOA of Aflatoxin

A

Produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiiticus

Inhibit transcription and translation

25
Q

“thiol poisons”

A

Organimercurials

React with the -SH groups of proteins and they disturb the activity of proteins

26
Q

Example of organimercurials and its MOA

A

Methylmercury inhibit choline acetyl transferase

✓Signs and symptoms of motor dysfunction

27
Q

Carbon tetrachloride toxicity

A

Failure of the liver to transport triglyceride-rich low density lipoproteins into the plasma

=accumulation of fats in the cells

28
Q

MOA of Strychnine

A

Antagonizes the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine

Strychnos nux-vomica

29
Q

MOA of DDT

A

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

Delay closing og Na+ channels and slowing opening K+ gates&raquo_space; enhanced initiation of Action potentials&raquo_space; increase seizure tendencies

30
Q

MOA of organophosphate insecticides

A

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase by bunding irreversibly to its esteric state

31
Q

Direct and indirect effect of neuronal necrosis

A

Direct:
Organomecurials&raquo_space; impairment of protein synthesis

Indirect:
Carbon monoxide or cyanide&raquo_space; anoxia

32
Q

Toxicants in Demyelination and its MOA

A

Hexachlorophene

Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation&raquo_space; decreased Na+ K+ ATPase activity&raquo_space; retention of water in myelin lamellae&raquo_space; intramyelinic edema&raquo_space; separation of myelin lamellae

33
Q

Toxicants in impaired axonal transport and its MOA

A

Vincristine
Bind to tubulin&raquo_space; inhibit microtubule formation&raquo_space; disruption of fast axonal transport which relies on microtubules

34
Q

Hypoplasia and aplasia of cellular components of blood will lead to?

A

Direct toxic effect on bone marrow precursor cells

35
Q

MOA of nitrite and paracetamol poisoning

A

Fe in heme is oxidized&raquo_space; methemoglobin&raquo_space; incapable of reversible oxygenation&raquo_space; decreased oxygen content of blood

36
Q

MOA of Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

CO competes with O2&raquo_space; carboxyhemoglobin» cannot carry oxygen&raquo_space; decreased oxygen content of the blood

37
Q

Any xenobiotic associated with adverse effects on development of male or female reproductive function.

A

Reproductive toxicants

38
Q

Cause of osteodystrophy due to excessive level of nutrients.

A

Dietary phosphorus stimulate PTH

39
Q

Effect of any synthetic or naturally occurring xenobiotic which can affect the endocrine system of exposed individuals

A

Endocrine disruption

40
Q

Immunotoxicants

A

✓Heavy Metals
✓Mycotoxins
✓Organophosphates

41
Q

Substances that induce birth defects

A

Teratogens

✓ Heavy Metals
✓ Antifungal drugs
✓ Nicotiana spp. - crooked calf disease in cattle

42
Q

Chemicals or its reactive metabolite causes a permanent change in the DNA of the target cell, such as mutation, a distortion of the DNA

A

Tumor initiators

43
Q

Influence the proliferation of initiated cells which results in the proliferation of preneoplastic cells

A

Tumor promoters

44
Q

T/F
Initiator exposure followed by repeated promoter exposure will result tumor.

A

True

45
Q

T/F
Repeated promoter exposure followed by initiator exposure will result tumor.

A

False

PHARMA LAB (2 decks)

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