LABORATORY APPARATUS, PROCEDURES Flashcards

1
Q

why does laboratory safety matters

A

Safe working protects:
• You
• Other lab workers
• Cleaners
• Visitors
• Your work

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2
Q

how to do risk assessment

A

• Determine hazards and evaluate risks
• Use all relevant available data
• Determine controls needed to minimize those risks
• Document the assessment
• Use those control measures

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3
Q

8 control measures

A
  1. Use a less risky substance
  2. Use a safer form of that substance (eg solution instead of powder)
  3. Totally enclose the process (eg a glove-box)
  4. Partially enclose the process (eg with a fume cupboard)
  5. Ensure good general ventilation
  6. Safe systems of work
  7. Reduce exposure times, increase distance, reduce volumes
  8. Personal protective equipment (as a last resort for primary protection)
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4
Q

protecting yourself in the lab (4)

A

• Wear the clothing and protective wear identified in your risk assessment
• Laboratory coats must be kept fastened
• Don’t wear sandals or open shoes
• Long hair must be tied back

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5
Q

protecting yourself in the lab using hand gloves (4)

A

• There are many different types of protective glove
• Use the correct ones for the job you will be doing
• Remember that you need to select chemical protection gloves
according to the materials and/or substances with which you will
be working
• Remove your gloves before using instruments, telephone, and leaving the laboratory

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6
Q

enumerate laboratory hygiene (5)

A

• Never eat, drink or smoke in a laboratory
• Never apply cosmetics
• Never touch your face, mouth or eyes
• Never suck pens or chew pencils
• Always wash your hands before you leave and especially before eating

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7
Q

What are the general hazards in a laboratory? (9)

A

• Fire
• Breakage of glassware
• Sharps
• Spillages
• Pressure equipment & gas cylinders
• Extremes of heat & cold
• Chemical hazards
• Biological hazards
• Radiation

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8
Q

laboratory safety: avoiding fires (4)

A

• Flammable substances
• Use minimum quantity
• Store in special storage cabinet
• Use temperature-controlled heating sources (eg water-bath rather than hot- plate or Bunsen burner)

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9
Q

laboratory safety: fire safety (3)

A

• Make sure that you know
what to do:
• If you have a fire
• If you hear a fire alarm

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10
Q

laboratory safety: glassware (4)

A

• Use correct techniques for the insertion of tubing onto glassware
• Never use glassware under pressure or vacuum unless it is designed for the job and suitably shielded
• Dispose of chipped or broken glassware – it is a risk to you and others
• Always dispose of broken glass in a glass bin or sharps bin and not in a general waste bin

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11
Q

laboratory safety: spillages (3)

A

• Clear up spillage promptly
• You will already have determined how to do this as part of your risk assessment
• Dispose of any hazardous material as toxic waste

Messy workers are usually poor Messy workers are usually poor
workers!!

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12
Q

laboratory safety: cyrogenics (4)

A

• Liquid gasses are extremely cold and can cause burns
• Liquid gases evaporate and many can cause asphyxiation
• If you need to take cryogens in a lift, there are special procedures to follow – speak to your supervisor or a senior member of technical staff
• You must have special training to use them

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13
Q

laboratory safety: equipment (2)

A

• Always do a visual check on electrical equipment before
use, looking for obvious wear or defects
• NEVER use defective equipment

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14
Q

laboratory safety: general tidiness (4)

A

• Keep your workplace tidy
• Clear up waste, deal with washing up and put things away as you finish with them
• Make sure everything is safe before you leave things unattended
• A tidy laboratory avoids accidents to everyone

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15
Q

laboratory safety: laboratory equipment (2)

A

• Never use any laboratory equipment unless you are trained & have been authorised to do so
• As well as injuring yourself you may cause very costly damage

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16
Q

laboratory safety: protecting yourself

A

• If you have an allergy to lab materials or suffer from a medical
condition which may affect you in the laboratory (eg asthma or epilepsy), ensure that your professor knows

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17
Q

when in doubt, what are you going to do

A

ASK

• Do not carry out a new or unfamiliar procedure until you have been fully trained & understand the precautions necessary for safe
working
• DO NOT GUESS!!!!

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18
Q

what do MSDS means

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

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19
Q

RACE stands for

A

R - Rescue
A - Alarm
C - Contain
E - Extinguish

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20
Q

PASS ( Fire Extinguisher)

A

P - Pull the pin
A - Aim to the base of the fire
S - Squeeze the lever
S - sweep the noodle side to side

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21
Q

acid to water, correct or not?

A

yes, Always add acid to water, not water to acid. Otherwise, the acid can splatter and splash up. When you mix strong acids and water, it makes a difference whether you add acid to water or water to acid. Always add acid to water and not the other way around.

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22
Q

a ventilated enclosure used to trap and exhaust vapors, gases, and nanoparticles

A

Fumehood

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23
Q

3 types of gloves

A

Latex Gloves
Surgical Gloves
Nitrile Gloves

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24
Q

Why many seconds are you going to wash your hands after the exposure in the lab

A

20 seconds

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25
how to handle waste
15 - 30 seconds put 10% bleaching with tissue 5 mins alcohol with tissue
26
means a container either especially designed for the disposal of hypodermic needles or a plastic container suitable for this purpose, or for plate glass may be a rigid reusable container or cardboard box
Puncture Proof
27
in using electricity in laboratory. what type of pronged plug we use
3 pronged plug
28
used in disposal of infectious waste
Yellow Plastic Bag
29
used to dispose chemicals
Black Plastic Bag
30
2 types of units of measurement
Metric System International System (SI unit)
31
Based on decimal system; a system of divisions and multiples of tens
Metric System
32
standard measurement of length
m
33
standard measurement of weight
g
34
standard measurement of volume
L
35
Standardized system based on seven base units
International System (SI units)
36
SI system: measurement: length, unit name? abbreviation?
Meter (m)
37
SI system: measurement: mass, unit name? abbreviation?
kilogram (kg)
38
SI system: measurement: time, unit name? abbreviation?
second (s)
39
SI system: measurement: amount of substance, unit name? abbreviation?
Mole (mol)
40
SI system: measurement: electrical current, unit name? abbreviation?
Ampere (A)
41
SI system: measurement: temperature, unit name? abbreviation?
kelvin (k)
42
SI system: measurement: luminous Intensity, unit name? abbreviation?
Candela (cd)
43
SI system: prefix: Tera, symbol? factor?
T (10 to the power of 12)
44
SI system: prefix: Giga, symbol? factor?
G (10 to the power of 9)
45
SI system: prefix: Mega, symbol? factor?
M (10 to the power of 6)
46
SI system: prefix: Kilo, symbol? factor?
k ( 1 to the power of 3)
47
SI system: prefix: Hecto, symbol? factor?
h (10 to the power of 2)
48
SI system: prefix: Deka, symbol? factor?
da (10 to then power of 1)
49
SI system: prefix: deci, symbol? factor?
d (10 to the power of -1)
50
SI system: prefix: centi, symbol? factor?
c ( 10 to the power of -2)
51
SI system: prefix: milli, symbol? factor?
m ( 10 to the power of -3)
52
SI system: prefix: micro, symbol? factor?
u ( 10 to the power of -6)
53
SI system: prefix: nano, symbol? factor?
n ( 10 to the power of -9)
54
SI system: prefix: pico, symbol? factor?
p ( 10 to the power of -12 )
55
SI system: prefix: femto, symbol? factor?
f ( 10 to the power of -15 )
56
SI system: prefix: Atto, symbol? factor?
a ( 10 to the power of -18 )
57
the standard unit for measurement of length is
meter
58
the standard unit for measurement of mass is
kilogram
59
the standard unit for measurement of volume is in
liters
60
the standard unit for measurement of amount of substance
mole
61
Basic laboratory principles includes: (5)
• Patient preparation • Proper collection • Proper specimen handling and processing • Hiring, Training and Management • Quality assurance program (Reagent, glasswares and plastic wares, equipment, personnel and outcome/result)
62
Any substance employed to induce chemical reaction; a substance that is used to test for the presence of another substance by causing a chemical reaction with it
Reagents
63
You have to note about reagents
• Chemical reagents comes with varying grade of purity • MSDS • Essential in giving ACCURATE results • Spectrograde, nanograde, HPLC grade, – highest purity • ACS, USP-NF, NBS, OSRM, CAP, NCCLS,
64
reagents: Techniques on use and storage
• Optimal storage condition • Can be used directly or needed reconstitution • Safety hazard • MSDS
65
5 types of reagent
1. Reagent grade (RG) or Analytical grade (AR) 2. Chemical pure grade (CP) 3. Standard 4. Less pure grade 5. USP and NF
66
2 types of standard reagent
Primary Standard Secondary Standard
67
2 types of less grade reagent
Purified Grade Technical Grade
68
These chemicals met specifications designed to permit use in quantitative and qualitative analysis; controls
Reagent grade (RG) or Analytical grade (AR)
69
Purity is usually delivered by measurement of melting point or boiling point
Chemical pure grade (CP)
70
highly purified chemicals which maybe weighed out directly for the preparation of solutions of selected concentration or for the standardization of solutions of unknown strength
Primary Standard
71
solutions whose concentration cannot be determined directly from the weight of solute an volume of the solution
Secondary standard
72
in general these chemicals should not be used in clinical determination
Purified grade
73
generally used in manufacturing
Technical grade
74
Represents other grades of purity. While they are adequate for human consumption, they may not be pure enough for specific chemical determinations
USP and NF
75
3 types of reagent water
TYPE I REAGENT WATER TYPE II REAGENT WATER TYPE III REAGENT WATER
76
Use for procedure that use maximum water purity
TYPE I REAGENT WATER
77
TYPE I REAGENT WATER is use for
• Preparation of standard solution; • Ultramicrochemical analyses • Measurement of nano or subnanogram concentration • Tissue or cell culture methods, electrophoresis,toxicology,
78
Use for most of clinical laboratory determination., hematology,immunology,microbio
TYPE II REAGENT WATER
79
For most of the qualitative measurement
TYPE III REAGENT WATER
80
TYPE III REAGENT WATER is use for
Urinalysis, parasitology, histology, washing glasswares
81
distilled water is being redistilled with alkaline permanganate solution that oxidizes the nitrogenous matter present – Conductivity water
DISTILLATION
82
(abbreviated "ddH2O", "Bidest. water" or "DDW") is prepared by double distillation of water. It was the standard for highly purified laboratory water for biochemistry and trace analysis until combination methods of purification became widespread
Double distillation -Double-distilled water
83
also known as demineralized water (DI water, DIW or de- ionized water) water that has had its mineral ions removed, such as cations from sodium, calcium, iron, copper and anions such as chloride and bromide.
DEIONIZATION
84
a physical process which uses specially-manufactured ion exchange resins which bind to and filter out the mineral salts from water. Because the majority of water impurities are dissolved salts, It produces a high purity water that is generally similar to distilled water, and this process is quick and without scale buildup. However, it does not significantly remove uncharged organic molecules, viruses or bacteria, except by incidental trapping in the resin. Specially made strong base anion resins can remove Gram-negative bacteria
Deionization
85
It can be done continuously and inexpensively using electrodeionization. It does not remove the hydroxide or hydronium ions from water. These are the products of the self-ionization of water to equilibrium and therefore are impossible to remove.
Deionization
86
water: other processes are also used to purify water, including:
• reverse osmosis • carbon filtration • microporous filtration • ultrafiltration • ultraviolet oxidation • electrodialysis. • Processes rendering water potable but not necessarily closer to being pure H2O / hydroxide + hydronium ions include use of dilute sodium hypochlorite, mixed-oxidants (electro- catalyzed H2O + NaCl), and iodine
87
1 meter to inches is equal to
39.37 inches
88
1 in to cm is equals to
2.54 cm
89
1 kg to lbs is equal to
2.2 lbs
90
the process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range
Calibration
91
Calibration: (2)
• Class S (weights 1-500mg) • Adjustments and realignment
92
2 types of top loading balances
Single pan top balances Electronic balances
93
principle of weighing by substitution; weighs up to 10kg
Single pan top balances
94
highly sensitive; 130kg capacity; principle is based on a strict linear relationship between compensation current and force produced by the load placed on the pan
Electronic balances
95
the measurement of the quantity of matter in a liquid state
Volume
96
used to measure volume
Clinical laboratory glasswares
97
an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material
Glasswares
98
typically brittle and optically transparent
Glasses
99
5 types of glassware
a. High thermal resistant b. High silica glass c. High alkali resistant glass d. Standard flint glass e. Low actinic glass
100
a type of glass with the main glass-forming constituents silica and boron oxide; are known for having very low coefficients of thermal expansion (~3 × 10−6 /°C at 20°C), making them resistant to thermal shock.
High thermal resistant / Borosilicate glasswares
101
not used for strong alkali; Such glass is less subject to thermal stress and is commonly used for the construction of reagent bottles
Low alkali content and free from magnesia-lime-zinc element
102
glassware for ashing and ignition teschnique
Kimax, pyrex (515),vycor (900)
103
- Comparable to fused quarts in its thermal endurance, chemical stability, electrical characteristics - Radiation resistant and good optical quality - Used in precision analytical work and can also used for optical reflectors and mirrors - Corex - cuvette
High silica Glass – 96%
104
- Not as resistant as pyrex to heat therefore need to heat and cool carefully - Used to handle strong alkali solution
High alkali resistant glass
105
- A high thermal with red color added as an integral part - Used for light sensitive reagents
Standard Flint glass
106
- Composed of mixture of the oxides of silicon, calcium and sodium - Poor resistance to high temperature - Pipette, regular tubes and glasswares
Low actinic glass / soda Lime glass
107
A long and straightsided \ cylindrical piece of glassware with calibration; Used to measure where less accuracy is needed
Graduated cylinder
108
Long cylindrical graduated pipettes with stopcock (glass or Rubber); Used for titration
Biuret
109
Are frequently used for preparation of standard solutions; Measures liquid volume accurately
Volumetric flasks
110
Wide straight sided cylindrical vessels that are available in many sizes; Used generally for mixing and for reagent preparation
Beaker
111
are often used for preparing reagents and titration purposes
Erlenmeyer Flask
112
comes in different sizes depending on their intended use; Chemical reaction medium
Test tubes
113
Cleaning laboratory glasswares (2)
• Rinse and immediately placed in a weak detergent • Chromic acid with sodium or potassium dichromate, concentrated sulfuric acid and distilled water
114
• Used the principle of dry heat • 160 degrees for 1-2 hours
Hot air sterilizer
115
Another type of volumetric glassware used extensively in the laboratory; Calibration is according to deliver or transfer a specific volume from one vessel to another
Pipettes
116
calibrated to deliver the amount of fluid designated on the pipette; this volume will flow out of the pipette by gravity; Calibration is usually performed by measuring the amount of water delivered by the pipette.
To deliver (TD)
117
3 types of pipette
• According to manner of calibration • According to graduation • Specialized pipettes
118
Example of specialized pipettes
• Micropipettes • Unopette • Capillary pipette • Automatic pipettor
119
calibrated by introducing exact amount of volume or weight of mercury; it contains exact amount however does not deliver the exact volume
To contain (TC)
120
similar to TD except that the volume is obtained when the last drop is being blown out. An etched or frosted ring indicated this calibration
To blow out pipette
121
exact volume is calibrated to fill the volume between 2 calibratess points on the pipette
Calibrated between the marks
122
According to calibration: (4)
1. To deliver (TD) 2. To contain (TC) 3. To blow out pipette 4. Calibrated between the marks
123
has a cylindrical bulb located midway the mouthpiece and the tip
Volumetric or transfer pipette
124
similar to volumetric pipette but has a larger buld closer to delivery tip and it has an etched ring that indicates that it is a blow out; Used to measure viscous substance ex. Blood and serum
Ostwald –Folin pipette
125
plain narrow tube draw out to a tip and graduated uniformly along its length; calibrated to deliver fractional quantity specifically reagents
Measuring or graduated pipette
126
2 types of measuring or graduated pipette
a. Mohr b. Serologic Pipette
127
According to graduations: (2)
1. Volumetric or transfer pipette 2. Measuring or graduated pipette
128
Calibrated to contain or to wash out the pipettes; 1 lambda = 1uL = 0.001mL
Micropipettes
129
4 example of micropipettes
a. Kirk transfer pipette b. Self filling transfer pipette c. Lang levy pipette d. Overflow pipette
130
1 lambda = uL? mL?
1uL 0.001mL
131
TC OR TD: Kirk transfer pipette
TC
132
TC OR TD: Self filling transfer pipette
TC
133
TC OR TD: Lang levy pipette
TD
134
TC OR TD: Overflow pipette
TC
135
A special disposable micropipette used in the hematology laboratory; It is self filling pipette accompanied by polyethylene reagent reservoir
Unopette
136
fitted in a plastic holder and fill automatically with blood by means of capillary action
capillary pipette
137
Inexpensive, disposable micropipette; It is filled up to the calibrated line by capillary action and measured liquid is delivered by positive pressure as with a medicine dropper
Capillary pipette
138
Allows rapid, repetitive measurement and delivery of predetermined volumes of reagents or specimens; 0.5-500 uL
Automated pipettor
139
Pipetting technique (6)
• Check pipette before using – wet, chipped or broken • Hold properly between thumb and forefinger • Wipe the pipette with a soft tissue or lint free cloth • Hold the pipette vertically • Do not mouth pipette • Read the meniscus
140
Read the meniscus (3)
• Bottom of the meniscus • Upper meniscus • Eye level
141
separates substances with different densities by centrifugal force (Substance is separated into precipitate and supernatant); Speed is usually given in revolutions per minute; More satisfactory than filtration; The faster the speed the longer the radius, the better quality of the filtrate
Centrifugation
142
Parts of Centrifugation:
• Tachometer • Loader • Knobs
143
Parts of Centrifugation function: calibrator
Tachometer
144
Parts of Centrifugation function: balance sets of test tube placers
Loader
145
Parts of Centrifugation function: break, speed regulator, timer
Knobs
146
Types of Centrifuge (6)
Table top model Floor model Refrigerated centrifuge Ultracentrifuge Cytocentrifuge, Serofuge.
147
two traditional centrifuge used in the laboratory:
• Horizontal head centrifuge / swinging bucket • Fixed angle head centrifuge ex. Microhematocrit centrifuge
148
The number of revolutions per minute and the centrifugal force generated are expressed as r; 600rpm – 7300rcf
Centrifuge speed – rpm
149
Factors that affect centrifugation: (7)
• To balance the centrifuge • Cover the specimen being processed • Used proper centrifuge tubes • Always checked for the rubber cushion • Cover the centrifuge while rotating • Do not try to stop the centrifuge with your bare hands • Centrifuge should be checked, cleaned and lubricated regularly
150
Usually accomplished by gravtiy, pressure or suction
Filtration
151
filter paper folded into conical shape or 60 degree cone
Gravity filtration
152
4 types of filtration equipment
Gravity filtration Funnel Porcelain Buchner funnel Porous Glass filters
153
refers to the substance being dissolved which may be a solid, liquid or gas
SOLUTE
154
refers to the substance in which solute is being dissolved, which in most cases are liquid
SOLVENT
155
refers to the weight or volume of the solute present in a specific amount of the solvent or a solution
concentration of solutions
156
3 types of concentration of solution
• Percentage • Molarity • Normality
157
Refers to the parts of solute per 100 parts of solvent; The amount of solute in a solution can be measured as a percentage of the total volume of solution
Percent solution
158
Formula for percent solution
% = solute/100
159
refers to the number of grams of solute per 100mL solution:
Weight in volume percent solution (W/V)
160
Formula: Weight in volume percent solution (W/V)
grams of solute = desired (% solution) x volume desired (total) /100
161
used when both solute and solvent are liquid. It refers to the amount of solute in mL in 100 mL of solvent
Volume in volume percent solution (V/V)
162
Formula: Volume in volume percent solution (V/V)
mLof solute = desired (% solution) x volume desired (total) / 100
163
it refers to grams of solute per 100 grams of solution
Weight in weight percent solution (W/W)
164
Formula: Weight in weight percent solution (W/W)
mL of Conc. = mL/ gm solute X %W/V desired X Final vol(mL)/ 100
165
defined as a solution containing one gram molecular weight ( one mole of the solute in one liter solution) of the substance per liter of the solution
molar solution of a substance
166
equal to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (solvent)
Molarity
167
obtained by adding the atomic weights of the component elements in their proper proportions in the formula
molecular weight of one compound