LABORATORY SAFETY, INSTRUMENTATION AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC LABORATORY Flashcards by Angel Tadipa

art of analyzing and interpreting the shapes, sizes and architectural patterns of cells and tissues within a given specific clinical background

Histopathology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

art and science performed by the histotechnologist to produce a tissue section of good quality

Histotechnology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

basic concepts about the principles and technicalities involved in histopathologic procedures

Histopathologic techniques

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Provide skills in tissue preparation from fresh to properly mounted specimen

Histopathologic techniques

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

comprised of a number of glass beakers for filling different processing chemicals

Automatic Tissue Processor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a timing disc which rotates after specific intervals, and a specimen container holding assembly

Autotechnicon or Automatic Tissue Processor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Microtome is an instrument with the help of which sections of tissues are cut and the process of cutting thin sections is known

Microtomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

one of the important machines required in histopathology for processing organ and tissues before being embedded in paraffin wax

Automatic Tissue Processor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a refrigerated apparatus used in fresh tissue microtomy, for freezing the tissue into the block holder to correct degree of hardness to facilitate easier and faster sectioning

Cryostat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consist of a microotome, kept inside the cold chamber which has been maintained at a temp bet ____

Cryostat

-5°C to -30°C. (average -20°C)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

used to float paraffin ribbons, to stretch sections and remove wrinkle

Tissue water bath

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

water temperature should be about _____ degrees below the melting point of paraffin

TISSUE WATER BATH
10°C

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Drying or Dehydrating tissue samples

Laboratory oven

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Used for removing moisture from samples

Laboratory Oven

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

optimizes times during stain process to maximize efficiency in obtention of results for a timely diagnosis

Automated Tissue Stainer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

one piece of equipment that is used by both the pathologist and the histotechnologist

Microscope

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

examines the slide under the microscope to identify a disease process or an abnormality that will directly affect the patient’s treatment

Pathologist

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

examines the same slide microscopically for quality control to determine whether all technical processes are done properly and if a slide of diagnostic quality has been achieved

Histotechnologist

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microscope must accomplish
three things

1) magnify the object
2) resolve the details of the object
3) make these details visible

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microscope with more than
one lens and its own light
source

Compound microscope

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

there are ocular lenses in the
binocular eyepieces and objective lenses in a rotating nosepiece closer to the specimen

Compound Microscope

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 kinds of viewing heads of compound microscope

Monocular heads
Binocular heads
Trinocular heads

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are light weight and are inexpensive

Monocular microscope

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most common choice for microscope with two eyepieces and are more convenient and comfortable to use

Binocular heads

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

more expensive with third eyepiece tube that can be used by another person simultaneously or by an LCD camera

Trinocular heads

more expensive with third eyepiece tube that can be used by another person simultaneously or by an LCD camera

Trinocular heads

(5) main framework of compound microscope:

Base Arm Stage Substage Mechanical Stage

provides support for the microscope

Base

large and solid enough to allow the microscope to stand by itself

Base

supports and holds the magnifying and adjustment system. It can be used as a handle for carrying the microscope

Arm

flatplatformwherethe slide is placed for examination

Stage

located directly under the stage and holds the condenser and diaphragm.

Substage

permits movement of the stage while holding the slide in the phase of focus

Mechanical stage

parts of the LENS SYSTEM

Nosepiece Objectives Focal length

located at the end of the body tube for holding the objectives

Nosepiece

consist of a system of lenses located at the end of the body tube that is held in place by the nosepiece and is closer to the slide under examination

Objectives

to increase or decrease magnification

Objectives

to increase or decrease magnification

Objectives

mounted on a revolving turret allowing for the change of objectives

Objectives

When one objective is focused on the turret, all lenses will be approximately in focus

PARFOCAL

distance between outer lens of objective and the cover glass of the slide under examination

Focal length

Magnification is achieved by the use of

Microscope’s lens system

product of the magnifying power of the objective and eyepiece, with a normal tube length of 160 mm

Total magnification of microscope

process of ensuring and maintaining personal as well as environmental health and safety in the laboratory

Risk Management

must be detailed to include control of hazardous substances, risk assessments, and other health and safety information relevant to handling of specimens

Standard operating procedures

First step for risk management is to _______ that can potentially cause harm in the laboratory.

identify hazards

Types of hazards

Chemical hazards Physical hazards Biological hazards

Potential exposures to chemical hazards can occur both _____ and with _____

During use Poor storage

The “lab standard” applies to the laboratory use of chemicals and mandates written in

SOPs / STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

address the particular hazards and precautions required for safe use

SOPs

terms used to define the maximum allowable airborne concentration of a chemical (vapor, fume or dust) to which a worker may be exposed

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)

a regulatory limit on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air

Permissible Exposure limits

usually based on an eight-hour time weighted average (TWA)

Permissible Exposure Limits

represents the maximum level of an airborne substance that a worker can be safely subjected to without being susceptible to harm or injury

Threshold Limit Values

indicates the level of admissible exposure, for a length of time (usually 8 hours), to a chemical or physical hazard that is not likely to affect the health of a worker.

Occupational Exposure Limits

Cause destruction or irreversible alterations when exposed to living tissue

Corrosive chemicals

Chemicals that cause reversible inflammatory effects at the site of contact with living tissue, especially the skin, eyes and respiratory passages

Irritans

Every chemical should be labeled with certain basic information, including:

• Chemical name • if a mixture • names of all ingredients • Manufacturer's name • address if purchased commercially • name of person making the reagent; • Date purchased or made; • Expiration date • Hazard warnings • safety procedures.

Capable of causing death by ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation at certain specified concentrations

Toxic materials

Example of toxic materials

methanol chromic acid osmium tetroxide uranyl nitrate

Substances that induce tumors in animals and humans

Carcinogens

Carcinogens examples

chloroform chromic acid formaldeyhyde auramine basic fuchsin

Carcinogenic dyes

Auramine Basic fuschin Any dye derived from BENZIDINE (Congo red and Diamino-benzidine)

Cause allergic reactions in a substantial proportion

Sensitizers

slips and falls from working in wet locations and the ergonomic hazards of lifting, pushing, pulling, and repetitive tasks

Physical hazards

Other physical hazards often unnoticed

Electrical hazards Mechanical hazards Acoustic hazards Thermal hazards

Substances that ignite a certain temperature

Combustibles

substances whose vapors will ignite at or above a certain temperature (or flash point) or in the presence of an ignition source

Combustibles

OSHA defines "flash point" as

100°F (38°C)

Department of Transportation defines it as

141°F = 60.5°C

initiate or promote combustion and present a serious fire risk when in contact with certain substances

Oxidizers

Sodium iodate Mercuric oxide Chromic acid Picric acid

refer to anything that can cause disease in humans, regardless of their source

Biological hazards

one of the most important health hazards

Allergens

Common Histological Chemicals (8)

Hydrogen peroxide Methanol Nitric acid Xylene Cryogens Osmium tetroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sulfuric acid

Essentially harmless if used in concentrations less than 5%

Hydrogen peroxide

Essentially harmless if used in concentrations less than 5%

Hydrogen peroxide

Moderate skin and eye irritant but toxic by ingestion and inhalation

Methanol

Corrosive to skin, mucous membranes

Nitric acid

Skin and eye irritant, and is toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin contact

Xylene

temperatures below -153°C (-243°F), such as liquid nitrogen and a boiling point of -196°C (-321°F)

Cryogens

temperatures below -153°C (-243°F), such as liquid nitrogen and a boiling point of -196°C (-321°F)

Cryogens

Corrosive to EYES and mucous membranes

Osmium tetroxide

A strong oxidant, eye irritant and corrosive to most metals

Sodium hypochlorite

Strong irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory system

Sulfuric acid

degree to which healthcare services strive to provide accurate desired outcomes for patients and are consistent with current professional knowledge

Quality

system of routine technical activities

Quality control

provides routine and consistent checks to identify, address errors and omissions, ensures data integrity, correctness and completeness and also records all quality control activities

Quality control

“freedom from accidental injury” and safety consciousness & safety practices

Safety

planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the laboratory process

Quality assurance

Quality assessment programs

College of American Pathologists / CAP United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service (UK NEQAS)

correlation of errors, complaints, failures or other unexpected results

data of QC provides the data for QA

Quality Assurance (2) two distinct systems:

Selective system Distributive system

participating laboratories are asked to stain sections that have been submitted by the scheme organizer

Distributive system

stained preparations from departmental archival records are used to assess the quality of staining

Selective system

means that the report generated by the lab are accurate

Quality Management System

QMS functions

• concerns with good sampling • Tissue processing with quality reagents • Providing supplies and equipment • Receiving • Documenting • Validating results

used to approach, evaluate and identify opportunities to improve quality before problems occur through evaluation of all systems/processes in the laboratory

Continuing quality improvement system

Goal of Continuing quality improvement system

improve potential care and safety through recognition of potential errors before they occur

Effective QMS

• Skilled histotechnologist/nicians • Properspecimencollection • Proper processing of specimen • Efficient processing of results • High quality of reagents and equipment • Preventive Maintenance of equipment • Continuous professional education of staff • Documentation and control • Proper coordination • Timely customer’s feedback

Can endanger quality of histopathology report

Pre-analytical phase

(4) Pre-analytical phase

• Collection of the right specimen • The proper fixation of the specimen • The correct identification of the spec • The timely transportation of the specimen.

slide reading along with relevant data and preparation of report

Analytical phase

• Grossing • Processing • Procedure reliability using technical manual • Reagent integrity and efficiency • Cutting of paraffin sections • Staining • Slide labeling

Analytical phase

• Diagnosis (hard copy) free of clerical errors. • Reports reaches the appropriate clinicians/surgeons. • Filing of paraffin blocks • Slides storage

Post-analytical phase

Getting the right test at the right time on the right specimen from the right patient with right diagnosis and the right price.

Data of QC provides data for QA

Getting the right test at the right time on the right specimen from the right patient with right diagnosis and the right price.

Data of QC provides data for QA

system of routine technical activities

LABORATORY SAFETY, INSTRUMENTATION AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC LABORATORY Flashcards

(108 cards)