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Part 2 Exam > Labs > Flashcards

Labs Flashcards

1
Q

What labs do you need for the kidney?

A

GFR, BUN, Creatinine, Electrolytes, magnesium, protein/albumin and globulins, PH and PCO2

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2
Q

Na

A

primary determinant of extracellular fluid volume

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3
Q

K

A

important for function of excitable cells such as nerves, muscles, and heart

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4
Q

Cl

A

important for fluid balance and acid base status

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5
Q

Protein/albumin and globulins - kidney

A
  • detects nutritional status

- severe infection, dehydration, renal disease

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6
Q

Magnesium - kidney

A

regulated by kidneys

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7
Q

PH and PCO2 -kidney

A

move together

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8
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

pH>7.45
CO3>30
Cause: vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration

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9
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

pH<7.35
CO3<24
cause: increased acid production, decreased renal acid secretion

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10
Q

Labs you need for bone

A

calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphate, magnesium, vitamin D

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11
Q

Phosphate (PO4) and alkaline phosphate

A

necessary for bone formation, acid base balance, storage and transfer of energy

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12
Q

Magnesium - bone

A

concentrated in bone and muscles

-regulated by kidneys

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13
Q

What labs are needed for the pancreas?

A

glucose, amylase, lipase

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14
Q

Glucose - pancreas

A

measures blood glucose

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15
Q

Lipase

A

used to detect acute pancreatitis

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16
Q

What labs are needed for the liver?

A

glucose, alkaline phosphate, total bilirubin, ammonia (NH3), protein/albumin and globulins, AST, ALT, lipid panel

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17
Q

Total bilirubin

A
  • processed by the liver

- elevated bilirubin could indicate cirrhosis, hepatitis, jaundice

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18
Q

Ammonia (NH3)

A
  • evaluates liver function and metabolism
  • the liver converts ammonia from blood to urea
  • if the liver is damage, then increased ammonia levels are noted
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19
Q

Protein/albumin and globulins

A
  • detects nutritional status
  • increased causes: hepatitis
  • decreased causes: liver disease
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20
Q

AST

A

found in liver, cardiac muscle, kidney, brain and lungs

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21
Q

ALT

A

primarily found in the liver but also in muscle

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22
Q

Both AST and ALT

A
  • are indicators of liver disease

- sensitive to hepatic inflammation and necrosis

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23
Q

What labs are needed for the parathyroid?

A

calcium

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24
Q

Parathyroid - low calcium

A

can cause hypoparathyroidism

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25
What labs are needed for the thyroid?
TSH, T3 and T4 levels
26
Low TSH, high T3 and T4
hyperthyroidism
27
High TSH, low T3 and T4
hypothyroidism
28
What labs are needed for the prostate?
PSA
29
What labs are needed for the lungs?
pH and PCO2
30
pH and PCO2 - lungs
move opposite
31
Respiratory alkalosis
pH > 7.45 CO2 < 35 Cause: COPD, CHF, Pain
32
Respiratory acidosis
pH < 7.35 CO2 >45 Cause: ALS, asthma, COPD
33
What labs are needed for GU?
UA
34
UA
should be clear yellow
35
Red Blood Cell - lifespan
120 days
36
Hemoglobin
- measurement based on spectrometric absorbance - assesses anemia, blood loss, and bone marrow suppression - function: carry oxygen, bind and release
37
Hematocrit
- assesses blood loss and fluid balance - also called PCV, is a ratio - 3:1 ratio
38
MCV
- mean corpuscular volume | - estimates average size of red cell
39
MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
40
RDW
- RBC distribution width | - amount of size variation, used to quantitate the amount of anisocytosis
41
Platelets
Clotting | -thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis
42
Thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
43
Thrombocytosis
high platelet count
44
White Blood Cells
neutrophils, lymphocytes, momocytes, eosinophils, basophils
45
Neutrophils | 40 to 75%
- phagocytosis and killing microorganisms - elevated = infections, steroid use - left shift
46
Lymphocytes | 30 to 40%
- production of antibodies (B-cells) - cytotoxic and helper function (T-cells) - viral infections, EBV, pertussis, immune-deficiency (HIV), corticosteroids, severe infection
47
Monocytes | 2 to 8%
- part of the innate immune system - circulating precursor to the phagocyte - called a macrophage in the tissues - replenishing resent macrophages under normal states - move quickly in response to inflammation signals
48
Eosinophils | 1 to 4%
- kills antibody - coated parasites via granola release - increased during parasitic infection and allergic reactions >4% - reaction to foods, allergens or acid reflux, can inflame or injure the esophageal tissue
49
Basophils | 0.5 to 1%
- AKA: mast cells - very rarely seen <1% - elevated during inflammation (HSN) - play a role in both parasitic infections and allergies
50
What is bilirubin?
it is an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile
51
Used to evaluate bilirubin
- liver function - hemolytic anemia - jaundice in newborns
52
Bilirubin - total
sum of 70-85% indirect (unconjugated) and direct (conjugated)
53
Total bilirubin process - spleen
- RBC breakdown into heme and globin | - Heme: catabolized to form Biliverdin in the spleen
54
Total bilirubin proces - converted
- biliverdin is converted to bilirubin | - this is indirect (unconjuated) bilirubin
55
Where is unconjugated bilirubin converted?
spleen
56
Total bilirubin proces - liver
- indirect bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronide | - becoming direct (conjugated) bilirubin
57
Where is direct (conjugated) bilirubin converted?
liver
58
Conjugated
bilirubin travels from liver to small intestine
59
Unconjugated
bilirubin is bound to albumin in the blood
60
Total Cholesterol
- most accurate predictor of the risk of Coronary Heart Disease - liver metabolizes ingested cholesterol - positional changes can affect results (its in hospital are expected to have lower level of TC than outpatients)
61
LDL | "Bad Cholesterol"
- LDL carry cholesterol from liver to cells - High levels = > risk CAD/Peripheral Vascular Disease - Low levels = cardio-protective
62
HDL | "Good Cholesterol"
- unsaturated fats - mainly in liver, used to remove cholesterol from tissue and vascular endothelium - high levels = cardio-protective - low levels = >risk of CAD
63
Triglycerides
- type of fat (lipid) found in the blood and stored in fat cells - risk for atherosclerosis - formed in the liver - transported by LDL and VLDL - acts as a storage for energy
64
Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio
- predictor of heart disease risk | - calculated by total cholesterol/HDL
65
VLDL
- very low density lipoprotein | - predominant carrier of triglycerides
66
Urine Analysis
monitors chronic renal disease and some metabolic disease
67
Yellow color measures
hydration and dehydration
68
Cloudy color urine
pus, WBC's, RBC's, or bacteria
69
Dark red urine
bleeding with kidney (hematuria)
70
Bright red urine
bleeding from the lower urinary tract (hematuria)
71
Dark yellow urine
could indicate presence of bilirubin
72
Green urine
pseudomonas infection
73
Food that can affect urine color
beet, blackberries, rhubarb - pink or red
74
Mediations that can affect urine color
Pyridium - organe Nitrofurantoin - brown Rifampin - yellow orange
75
Odor
- strong sweet smell of acetone = diabetic ketoacidosis - foul order = urinary tract infection - fecal order = enterovesicle fistula
76
pH - acidic
possible metabolic/respiratory acidosis, starvation, dehydration, high protein die <6.5
77
pH - alkaline
UTI, bacteria, high diet in citrus fruits/veggies, some medications >7.0
78
Specific Gravity
- AKA weight of particles in urine - measures the concentration of chemical particles (wastes and electrolytes) in urine - high = concentrated urine (dehydration ) - low = diluted urine (chronic renal disease) - good indicator of kidneys ability to concentrate urine and hydration
79
Proteinuria
usually measure albumin
80
Proteinuria - indicator
- glomerular damage | - basement membrane
81
Proteinuria - possible dx
- nephrotic syndrome - DM complications - High BP - UTI
82
Proteinuria - persistence
- requires further workup | - 24 hour urine or electrophoresis
83
Leukocyte Esterase (WBC)
positive = UTI, need for C&S
84
Nitrites
positive = UTI, need for C&S
85
Ketones
positive = poorly controlled diabetic or hyperglycemia from massive fatty acid catabolism
86
Aldosterone
- conserves Na+ - stimulated by >levels increases renal excretion of K+ - opposite of Na+ regulation - aldosterone hormone
87
Aldosterone hormone
stimulated by low levels of Na+ causing kidneys to reabsorb Na+ thus increasing Na+
88
Hyponatremia
- triggers aldosterone - increases reabsorption - sonservation of Na+ - Na+ level increases
89
Hypernatremia
- triggers natriuretic - decrease reabsorption - excretion of Na+ - Na+ level decrease
90
Aldosterone blockers cause
- modest diuresis of natruesis | - inhibits potassium and hydrogen ion secretion
91
Vitamin D
indicator of risk for osteoporosis
92
Glucose - liver
criteria for diagnosing DM
93
Normchromia
normal RBCs that lack a nucleus and organelles
94
Hyperchromia
- MCHC <36% RBC with decreased surface to volume ratio - seen in hemolysis and burn - spherocytes
95
Spherocytes
cells with no central pallor
96
Macrocytes | MCV>100 fL
- macrocytic anemia | - macrocytes seen in acute blood los, polychromasia is usually present
97
Hypochromia
central area of pallor, literally means low color, many times this is seen in IDA often referred to a microcytic/hypochromic anemia

Part 2 Exam (7 decks)

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