Labs & Tutorials Flashcards
(30 cards)
Rhesus factor pattern of inheritance?
Autosomal dominant
5 categories of antibiotics, based on their mode of action:
- Inhibition of the bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis (penicillin , ampicillin, methicillin, cephalosporins)
- Destruction of the cell membrane
- Polymyxins (polymyxins B and E)
- Polyenes (amphotericin B, nystatin) - Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to prokaryotic ribosomes (streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (rifampicin, metronidazole)
- Growth supplement analogues
Antibiotics that inhibit the bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis (4)
- transpeptidase is responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell wall
- used for Gram (+) bacteria only
penicillin , ampicillin, methicillin, cephalosporins
Polymyxins (2)
Antibiotics that destruct PM
- used for Gram (-) bacteria
- polymyxins B and E
Polyenes (2)
Antibiotics that disrupt PM
- used for fungi
- amphotericin B, nystatin
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to prokaryotic ribosomes (4)
- Used only for bacteria
streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin
Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in mycobacteria (1)
rifampicin
Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in anaerobes (1)
metronidazole
Antibiotics that are growth supplement (folic acid) analogues (1)
sulfonamides
Antibiotics that are growth supplement analogues (1)
- for tuberculosis
isoniazid
Law of segregation & law of probability:
The 2 alleles of each gene separate during gamete formation
APPLY ADDITION LAW, b/c mutually exclusive events can’t occur together at the same time
Law of independent assortment & law of probability:
Alleles of genes on non-homo;ogous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation.
APPLY MULTIPLICATION LAW, b/c independent events can occur together at the same time
Multiplication law/rule:
The probability that 2 or more independent events will occur together
Addition law/rule:
The probability that any 1 out of 2 or more mutually exclusive events will occur
Binomial expansion:
p = n!/s!t!*asbt
n - total number of events (s+t)
s - number of times outcome a occurs
t - number of times outcome b occurs
Recessive disorders evidence
conclusive: two UNAFFECTED parents have children with the disease
supportive: disease usually skips generations
Dominant disorders evidence
conclusive: two AFFECTED parents have an unaffected child
supportive: disease usually appears in every generation
Autosomal recessive disorder evidence:
conclusive: two UNAFFECTED parents have DAUGHTER with the disease
supportive: usually both males and females are affected
Autosomal dominant disorder evidence:
conclusive: two AFFECTED parents have a healthy DAUGHTER
supportive: usually both males and females are affected
Sex-linked disorders
Impossible to conclusively confirm sex-linkage from pedigree charts!
supportive: usually over-representation in one sex is shown
supportive: two UNAFFECTED parents can’t have daughter with a disease, ONLY SONs
recombination frequency -
percentage of non-parental phenotypes in the total offspring generation
rec freq = # of offspring with recombinant (nonparental) phenotypes / total offspring * 100%
unlinked genes: relative position & recombination %:
relative position: on different chromosomes => are NOT inherited together => follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment
RF: 50%: no genetic recombination occurs, it is due to law of independent
assortment
Incompletely (partially) linked genes: relative position & recombination %
relative position: on the same chromosome but there is some distance between them
RF: genetic recombination takes place => 0 < RF < 50% (depending on the distance between them)
Physically linked but genetically unlinked genes: relative position & recombination %
relative position: genes located far away from each other on the same chromosome often behave as unlinked genes
RF: close to 50%
