Lahat Na 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
The expected behaviors associated with a particular position within a social institution (e.g., teacher, parent, doctor).
A
Roles
2
Q
Informal rules and expectations that guide behavior within a social institution (e.g., respecting elders in family, following laws in government).
A
Norms
3
Q
Shared beliefs about what is desirable and important within a society (e.g., importance of education, religious faith).
A
Values
4
Q
Rewards and punishments used to encourage adherence to social norms (e.g., praise for good grades in education, fines for breaking traffic laws).
A
Sanctions
5
Q
Teaching individuals the norms, values, and roles of a society.
A
Socialization
6
Q
Maintaining order and stability by encouraging conformity to social norms.
A
Social Control
7
Q
Providing essential goods and services for survival and well-being (e.g., family providing love and support, government providing infrastructure).
A
Meeting Basic Needs
8
Q
Transmitting cultural values and traditions across generations.
A
Promoting Shared Culture
9
Q
Social Institutions
A
- Family
- Government
- Economy
- Education
- Religion
- Media
- Healthcare
10
Q
fundamental social institution that provides love, support, and socialization for its members. It is the primary unit for raising children and transmitting cultural values across generations.
A
Family
11
Q
Family Structures
A
- Nuclear Family: A family consisting of parents and their children.
- Extended Family: A family unit that includes parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, or other kin.
- Single-Parent Family: A family headed by one parent.
- Blended Family: A family with children from previous relationships of one or both parents.
12
Q
A family consisting of parents and their children.
A
Nuclear Family
13
Q
A family unit that includes parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, or other kin.
A
Extended Family
14
Q
A family headed by one parent.
A
Single-Parent Family
15
Q
A family with children from previous relationships of one or both parents.
A
Blended Family
16
Q
Functions of the Family
A
- Socialization: Teaching children social norms, values, and life skills.
- Nurturance and Emotional Support: Providing love, care, and a sense of belonging.
- Economic Support: Providing financial resources for basic needs.
- Reproduction: Ensuring the continuation of society.
17
Q
Teaching children social norms, values, and life skills.
A
Socialization
18
Q
Providing love, care, and a sense of belonging.
A
Nurturance and Emotional Support
19
Q
Providing financial resources for basic needs.
A
Economic Support
20
Q
Ensuring the continuation of society.
A
Reproduction
21
Q
institution responsible for establishing and enforcing laws, maintaining order, providing public services, and representing a society in its relations with other countries.
A
Government
22
Q
Types of Government
A
- Democracy: Power is vested in the people, exercised through elected representatives.
- Republic: A form of democracy where elected officials represent the people.
- Monarchy: Power is vested in a hereditary ruler, such as a king or queen.
- Dictatorship: Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group.
23
Q
Power is vested in the people, exercised through elected representatives.
A
Democracy
24
Q
A form of democracy where elected officials represent the people.
A
Republic
25
Power is vested in a hereditary ruler, such as a king or queen.
Monarchy
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Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group.
Dictatorship
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Functions of Government
- ***National Defense*:** Protecting the country from external threats.
- ***Law and Order*:** Enacting and enforcing laws to maintain a safe and secure society.
- ***Public Services*:** Providing essential services like education, healthcare, infrastructure, and social welfare programs.
- ***Foreign Policy*:** Managing a country's relationships with other nations.
28
Types of Economic Systems
Market Economy, Command Economy, Mixed Economy
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Also known as a capitalist economy. Individuals and businesses own the factors of production (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship) and make decisions about production and consumption based on supply and demand. Prices are determined by the interaction of buyers and sellers in a marketplace.
Market Economy
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Also known as a socialist economy. The government controls the factors of production and makes decisions about what, how, and for whom goods and services will be produced. Prices are set by the government.
Command Economy
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A combination of market and command elements. Most economies in the world today are mixed economies, with varying degrees of government intervention in the marketplace.
Mixed Economy
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Economic Indicators
- ***Gross Domestic Product (GDP)*:** The total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year.
- ***Unemployment Rate*:** The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking work.
- ***Inflation Rate*:** The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising.
- ***Interest Rate*:** The cost of borrowing money.
33
The total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
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The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking work.
Unemployment Rate
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The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising.
Inflation Rate
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The cost of borrowing money.
Interest Rate
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Economic Issues
- ***Economic Growth*:** The rate at which an economy's output of goods and services increases over time.
- ***Inequality*:** The unequal distribution of income and wealth within a society.
- ***Unemployment*:** The condition of being without work and actively seeking employment.
- ***Inflation*:** A rise in the general level of prices for goods and services, which can erode purchasing power.
- ***Business Cycles*:** Periods of economic expansion followed by periods of contraction (recession or depression).
38
Government's Role in the Economy
- ***Providing Public Goods and Services*:** Goods and services that are not efficiently provided by the private market, such as national defense, infrastructure, and education.
- ***Regulating the Economy*:** Ensuring fair competition, protecting consumers, and preventing monopolies.
- ***Stabilizing the Economy*:** Using fiscal and monetary policy to promote economic growth, low unemployment, and stable prices.
39
Types of Educational Systems
Public Education, Private Education, Vocational Education, Higher Education
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Funded and operated by the government, providing free or low-cost education to all citizens.
Public Education
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Funded and operated by private institutions, often charging tuition fees.
Private Education
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Focuses on preparing students for specific careers or trades.
Vocational Education
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Universities and colleges that provide advanced academic and professional degrees.
Higher Education
44
Educational Philosophies
Traditional Education, Progressive Education, Constructivism
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Emphasizes rote learning, memorization, and teacher-centered instruction.
Traditional Education
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Focuses on student-centered learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
Progressive Education
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Learning is an active process of constructing knowledge through experience and interaction with the environment.
Constructivism
48
Trends in Education
- ***Technology Integration*:** The use of technology in the classroom to enhance learning.
- ***Globalization*:** Education increasingly prepares students for a globalized world.
- ***Lifelong Learning*:** The importance of continuous learning throughout life.
- ***Focus on Skills*:** Developing skills such as critical thinking, communication, and collaboration is becoming increasingly important.
49
oldest monotheistic religion, with a rich history and tradition dating back thousands of years. It emphasizes ethical conduct, social justice, and a covenant between God (Yahweh) and the Jewish people.
Judaism
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the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, is considered divinely revealed.
Torah
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Branches of Judaism
- ***Orthodox Judaism*:** Strict adherence to traditional interpretations of religious law.
- ***Conservative Judaism*:** More flexible approach to religious law, adapting to modern life.
- ***Reform Judaism*:** Emphasizes personal faith and social justice over strict adherence to rituals.
- ***Reconstructionist Judaism*:** Focuses on cultural and philosophical aspects of Judaism.
52
world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers. It is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, who Christians believe is the Son of God and the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament.
Christianity
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Denominations of Christianity
- ***Catholicism*:** Headed by the Pope, emphasizes the sacraments and the Virgin Mary.
- ***Eastern Orthodoxy*:** Shares many core beliefs with Catholicism but has a different organizational structure.
- ***Protestantism*:** Emerged from the Reformation, emphasizing personal faith and the Bible as the sole source of authority. There are many Protestant denominations with diverse beliefs and practices.
54
world's second-largest religion, with over 1.8 billion followers. It is a monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Muhammad, who Muslims believe received divine revelations from God (Allah) through the angel Gabriel.
Islam
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Five Pillars of Islam
Shahada (declaration of faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
56
holy month of fasting from dawn to dusk.
Ramadan
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pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims who are able are expected to undertake at least once in their lifetime.
Hajj
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Branches of Islam
Sunni Islam, Shia Islam
59
largest branch of Islam, following the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and the first four caliphs.
Sunni Islam
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Believes that Ali, the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law, is the rightful successor to Muhammad.
Shia Islam
61
world's oldest religion, with roots and customs dating back more than 4,000 years. It is the third-largest religion globally, with over 1 billion followers.
Hinduism
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Core Beliefs
- ***Brahman*:** The ultimate reality, the eternal, universal principle underlying all existence.
- ***Atman*:** The individual soul, a spark of the Brahman.
- ***Karma*:** The law of cause and effect, where good deeds lead to good results and bad deeds lead to bad results.
- ***Dharma*:** Moral and ethical duty, following one's righteous path.
- ***Reincarnation*:** The cycle of rebirth, where the soul is reborn into different bodies based on its karma.
- ***Moksha*:** Liberation from the cycle of rebirth, achieving spiritual union with Brahman.
63
The ultimate reality, the eternal, universal principle underlying all existence.
Brahman
64
The individual soul, a spark of the Brahman.
Atman
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The law of cause and effect, where good deeds lead to good results and bad deeds lead to bad results.
Karma
66
Moral and ethical duty, following one's righteous path.
Dharma
67
The cycle of rebirth, where the soul is reborn into different bodies based on its karma.
Reincarnation
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Liberation from the cycle of rebirth, achieving spiritual union with Brahman.
Moksha
69
Paths to Moksha
- ***Jnana Yoga*:** The path of knowledge and self-realization.
- ***Bhakti Yoga*:** The path of devotion to a personal god or goddess.
- ***Karma Yoga*:** The path of performing one's duties without attachment to the outcome.
- ***Raja Yoga*:** The path of meditation and self-discipline.
70
Deities
- ***Brahma***: The creator god.
- ***Vishnu***: The preserver god.
- ***Shiva***: The destroyer god.
- ***Shakti***: The divine feminine principle.
- ***Ganesha***: The god of wisdom and remover of obstacles.
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Practices
- ***Puja***: Ritual worship of deities.
- ***Murti puja***: Worshiping deities through idols.
- ***Mantra chanting***: Reciting sacred syllables or phrases.
- ***Yoga***: Physical and mental disciplines for attaining spiritual liberation.
- ***Pilgrimage***: Visiting sacred places.
- ***Vegetarianism***: Practiced by many Hindus as a form of non-violence.
72
Denominations of Hinduism
- ***Vaishnavism***: Focuses on the worship of Vishnu and his avatars, especially Krishna.
- ***Shaivism***: Focuses on the worship of Shiva.
- ***Shaktism***: Focuses on the worship of Shakti, the divine feminine.
- ***Smartism***: A more philosophical school that emphasizes the Vedas and the importance of all deities.
73
non-theistic religion or philosophy that originated in India around the 5th century BCE. It emphasizes the importance of overcoming suffering through the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
Buddhism
74
attained enlightenment and became known as the Buddha (the Awakened One).
Siddhartha Gautama
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Four Noble Truths
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- The truth of suffering (dukkha)
- The truth of the cause of suffering (desire)
- The truth of the end of suffering (nirvana)
- The truth of the path to the end of suffering (the Eightfold Path)
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A guide for ethical living and achieving enlightenment, consisting of eight practices
Eightfold Path
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Eightfold Path
- Right View
- Right Intention
- Right Speech
- Right Action
- Right Livelihood
- Right Effort
- Right Mindfulness
- Right Concentration
79
The cycle of rebirth, but with the ultimate goal of achieving liberation (nirvana) from this cycle.
Reincarnation
80
A state of perfect peace and liberation from suffering, achieved through following the Eightfold Path.
Nirvana
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Branches of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism
82
The oldest branch, emphasizing monastic life and individual enlightenment.
Theravada Buddhism
83
Focuses on compassion for all beings and the possibility of achieving enlightenment for the benefit of others.
Mahayana Buddhism
84
A Mahayana school emphasizing meditation and mindfulness.
Zen Buddhism
85
A Mahayana school emphasizing faith and devotion to Amitabha Buddha.
Pure Land Buddhism
86
A Mahayana school
Tibetan Buddhism
87
refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may cause weather patterns to be less predictable. A region might experience lower or higher-than-average temperatures, more or less precipitation, or changes in wind patterns
Climate Change
88
average increase in Earth's global temperature. This increase is primarily caused by the greenhouse effect.
Global Warming
89
movement of people across borders who maintain social, economic, and political ties to their country of origin while living in a host country
Transnational Migration
90
Transnational migrants maintain ties to their home countries through regular communication, remittances (money sent back home), and visits.
Continuing connections
91
Transnational migrants may develop a sense of belonging to both their home and host countries, forming a hybrid identity.
Dual identities
92
Transnational migration can have significant social, economic, and political impacts on both the sending (origin) and receiving (host) countries.
Impact on both countries
93
- ***Impact of OFWs*:**
- ***Economic Impact***
Remittances from OFWs are a vital source of income for the Philippines, contributing significantly to the country's GDP.
94
Impact of OFWs:Social Impact
OFW migration can have both positive and negative social impacts. On the positive side, it can empower women, improve family livelihoods, and promote cultural exchange. However, it can also lead to family separation, social strain, and the "brain drain" of skilled workers from the Philippines.
95
form of governance where citizens actively participate in decision-making processes that affect their lives.
Participatory Governance
96
Forms of Participatory Governance:
- ***Public consultations*:** Meetings where citizens can voice their opinions on proposed policies or projects.
- ***Citizen advisory councils*:** Groups of citizens who advise government officials on specific issues.
- ***Participatory budgeting*:** Allowing citizens to directly participate in allocating public funds.
- ***E-governance*:** Utilizing online platforms for citizen engagement and government transparency.
97
focuses on the traditional structures and processes of government, including legislatures, executives, and judiciaries. These institutions are responsible for establishing laws, enforcing regulations, and providing essential public services.
Civic and Political Governance
98
focuses on the specific institutions and processes related to economic and social development. This includes areas like poverty reduction, infrastructure development, and education.
Development Governance
99
full and equal rights and responsibilities that all members of a society should enjoy. This includes civil, political, and social rights, such as the right to vote, freedom of speech, access to education and healthcare, and equal opportunities for participation in society.
Inclusive Citizenship
100
The Link Between Inclusive Citizenship and Participatory Governance
- ***Precondition for Participation*:** Inclusive citizenship is a precondition for effective participatory governance. If certain groups of people are excluded from full citizenship rights, they will be less likely to participate in decision-making processes.
- ***Empowering Participation*:** Inclusive citizenship empowers individuals and communities to participate in governance. When people have equal access to education, information, and resources, they are better equipped to engage with the government and hold it accountable.
- ***Breaking Down Barriers*:** Strategies for promoting inclusive citizenship can help break down barriers to participation, such as discrimination, poverty, and lack of access to information.
101
This article specifically addresses the right to nationality. It states that everyone has the right to a nationality and no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of their nationality nor denied the right to change their nationality.
## **Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)**
- ***Article 15*:**
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This article focuses on Citizenship in the Philippines. It outlines different ways to acquire Philippine citizenship.
Philippine Constitution (Article IV)
103
- Defines Filipinos who are natural-born citizens. These include:
- Those born to Filipino parents anywhere in the world.
- Those born in the Philippines to foreign parents who, at the time of the birth, are considered residents under the laws of the Philippines.
Section 1: Natural-born Citizens:
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Defines how foreigners can acquire Philippine citizenship through naturalization. This process typically involves meeting residency requirements, passing an exam, and renouncing previous citizenship.
Section 2: Citizens by Naturalization:
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Mentions a now-obsolete method of acquiring citizenship. Previously, citizens of other countries could elect Philippine citizenship upon marriage to a Filipino citizen.
Section 3: Citizens by Election:
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Defines ways in which a Filipino citizen can lose their citizenship. These include renouncing it voluntarily, acquiring another citizenship through naturalization in a foreign country that does not allow dual citizenship, or committing certain acts deemed incompatible with Philippine citizenship.
Section 4: Loss of Citizenship:
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The Philippines generally does not allow dual citizenship. However, there are exceptions for Filipinos who acquired foreign citizenship before the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, and in cases where a foreign country allows dual citizenship.
Section 5: Dual Allegiance:
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Connection Between UDHR and Philippine Citizenship
- ***Right to Nationality*:** Both documents recognize the right to a nationality. The UDHR emphasizes this as a universal human right, while the Philippine Constitution outlines the specific ways to acquire Philippine citizenship.
- ***Preventing Arbitrary Deprivation*:** The UDHR's principle of not being arbitrarily deprived of nationality aligns with the Philippines not being able to revoke a Filipino citizen's citizenship without due process.
109
Types of Social Movements
By Goals: Reform Movements, Revolutionary Movements
By Identity: Social Justice Movements
By Tactics: Protest Movements, Boycott Movements
Other Types: Religious Movements, Nationalist Movements
110
- Aim to modify specific aspects of the existing social order. These movements often target concrete issues like improving working conditions, expanding educational access, or safeguarding the environment. Examples include:
- Labor unions fighting for better wages and working conditions.
- Educational reform movements advocating for improved curriculum or increased funding.
- Environmental movements pushing for policies to combat climate change or pollution.
Reform Movements
111
- Seek a complete overhaul of the existing social order, often advocating for a radical transformation of the political and economic system. Examples include:
- Communist revolutions of the 20th century aimed at establishing socialist states.
- Anti-colonial movements seeking independence from imperial powers.
Revolutionary Movements
112
- Fight for equal rights and opportunities for marginalized groups who face discrimination or oppression. These movements challenge existing power structures and advocate for social change. Examples include:
- Civil rights movements advocating for racial equality and ending segregation.
- Feminist movements fighting for gender equality and women's rights.
- LGBTQ+ rights movements promoting equality and acceptance for sexual and gender minorities.
- Disability rights movements pushing for inclusion and accessibility for people with disabilities.
Social Justice Movements
113
- Employ public demonstrations, marches, rallies, and strikes to raise awareness, mobilize support, and pressure authorities to address their concerns. Examples include:
- Anti-war movements protesting against military conflicts.
- Occupy Wall Street movement criticizing economic inequality and corporate greed.
Protest Movements
114
- Encourage individuals to withhold economic support (financial or patronage) from businesses or organizations seen as promoting practices the movement opposes. Examples include:
- The Montgomery bus boycott protesting racial segregation on public transportation.
- Boycotts of sweatshop-made clothing to advocate for fair labor practices.
Boycott Movements
115
- Promote a particular set of religious beliefs or practices. These movements can be revivalist movements seeking a return to traditional values or entirely new religious formations. Examples include:
- Early Christianity spreading its message of salvation through Jesus Christ.
- Islamic revival movements advocating for a return to strict Islamic principles.
Religious Movements
116
- Advocate for the political independence or self-determination of a particular nation or ethnic group. These movements often seek to establish their own nation-state. Examples include:
- The Indian independence movement fighting against British rule.
- The Scottish independence movement advocating for separation from the United Kingdom.
Nationalist Movements
