lallala new

Question 1

guild

Answer 1

group od organisms that make their living in a similar way

Question 2

relative spp abundance

Answer 2

one of most fundamental aspects of community structure

dominance:
- biomass
- area
- #ind

regularities = most spp are moderately abundance, few are abundant

• unimodal distribution of rare-common

Question 3

spp abundance lognormal distribution

Answer 3

• abundance is relative, normally 1spp 2x other = log2 scale
• each interval twice one previous
• larger sample show more lognormal dist

Question 4

spp diversity

Answer 4

spp richness = #spp in community
- r=basic measure of spp
spp eveness = relative abundance
- more evenly common = more resistant and functioning ecosystem

Question 4

integrative index of spp diversity

Answer 4

1. shannon index
   characterize species diversity in a community. Shannon’s index accounts for both abundance and evenness of the species present.

Question 5

ranking abundance curves

Answer 5

• plot relative abundance of spp against tank in abundance.. or

1. relative abundance
2. dominance
3. diversity

Question 6

Plankton paradox

Answer 6

• live in simple environments and compete for same nutriences
• many spp coexist
• no evidence of competitive exclusion

Tilman 1977: 2 competing diatom spp (algae)
- coexistence depends on Si:P ratio which varies across lake
- Asterionella limited by Si
- Cyclotella limited by P

Question 7

Disturbance and diversity equllibriam

Answer 7

model prediction: ppn densities do not change once equilibrium reached
- distrubance can affect spp diversity due to departure from avg conditions
- equilibrium = stability maintained by opposing forces, i.e if ppn altered by event it will return to equilibrium quickly

Question 8

Disturbance

Answer 8

• fq and intensity

Question 9

Connel 1975/187

Answer 9

disturbance:
intermediate levels = high diversity
high/low levels = low diversity

Question 10

termperate grassland disturbance and diversity

Answer 10

disturbances = fire, drought, bison, prarie dogs (dig burrow)
- removal of veg causes increased light availability and modified soil properties. These patches allow for the colonization of different plant species.
- foster higher diversity by maintaining intermediate levels

Question 11

Disturbance and intermediate disturbance hyp

Answer 11

• not uniformly true
• unimodal relationships are rare

distrubance on diversity depends on:
- biology of organisms
- details of disturbance

Question 12

landscape

Answer 12

• heterogenous area composed of distinct patches

elements = distinct patches within landscape

Question 13

landscape origin

Answer 13

geological process, climate, organisms, and fire contribute to landscape creation

• glaciation
• volcanism
• erosion
• sedimentation

In Canada and US glacial ages made landscapes
- periodic glaciers
- interrupted nu interglaciers (warmer periods between periodic

Question 14

Glacier impact on landscape

Answer 14

1. rock and soil moved great distances
2. forward movement scores landscape

global scales = massive water storage
global sea levels = rise and fall
ephemeral nature = coral atolls and mangrove swamps
land bridges

Question 15

North America glaciers

Answer 15

• vegetative colonizers from glacial retreat exposed areas come from glacial refugia and nanatak
• glacial refugia= areas never glaciated
• nunatak = mountain peaks surrounded but not covered

Question 16

organisms and landscape structure

Answer 16

• Forest becomes agricultural
• abandoned farms retreat to forest
  Netherlands: heathland revert to forest, agriculture varies the least

Question 17

Blanket bog Ireland

Answer 17

Forest moved to lowlands due to heather flower colonizing bare soil, turning it more acidic, peat builds up.

Leaching occurs and land is cleared for agriculture. Then peat builds up and heather grows becomes Bog,
so agriculture moves to forest lowlands

Forest in between two

Question 18

Fire and landscape structure

Answer 18

tropical savanna-boreal forest
- fire supress increase in biomass
- climate changes
-diference in agree structure of vegetation
- topographical differences

Question 19

landsape structure

Answer 19

size, shape, composition, # and position of patches
patches = relatively homogenous area differing from surrounding

• patches form mosaic of landscape structure

matrix = element within landscape that’s most spatially continues

Question 20

landscape impacts on processes

Answer 20

1. move organisms
   - landscape influence critter location
   - rodents in smaller patches move more
   - habitat fragmentation - spp richness, extinction probability, effect on trees
2. dist of spp

• heal ppn density
• nutrient cycling and aquatic wetland chemistry

Question 21

Landscape fragmentation

Answer 21

• habitat fragmentation - spp richness, extinction probability, effect on trees
• effects boreal birds
  1.small/isolated patches increase spp turnover, community more dynamic
  2. spp turnover increase in smaller area and more resilient community
  3. resident spp decrease in older forest, more transient spp increase
  4. old forest decrease, new forest increase

Question 22

corridors

Answer 22

corridors: habitat strip connecting similar habitat patches in fragmented areas

• lack of data that it increase movement

Question 23

matrix and animal movement

Answer 23

matrix = dominate connected ecosystem
- structure influences ecological processes
- non-forested = maculata stay on stream
- forested = maculata left stream
- partial forest = C.aeubalilis left stream

Question 24

landscape and lake chem

Answer 24

- lake position explain responses to drought - upper lakes drop more than lower b/c of less GW flow - mass of Ca2+ and Mg2+ highest in lakes unchanged at top b/c of isolation and more inflow at bottom

Question 25

troposphere

Answer 25

earths surface to 9-16km

Question 26

stratosphere

Answer 26

troposphere-50km - ozone most concentrated

Question 27

mesosphere and thermoshere

Answer 27

extend above stratosphere

Question 28

greenhouse effect

Answer 28

earth surface trap heat w/ greenhouse gases - h20,co2,ch4,nitrous oxide, cfc - 30% incoming solar radiation reflected into space via clouds and particles - 70% absorbed then re-mited as infrared, absorbed by ggs, or radiated back to eath

Question 29

southern oscilation

Answer 29

oscilation in atmosphere prssure than extends across pacific ocean - cause la ninas and elnino

Question 30

el nino

Answer 30

brown chrismas - occur along equatior 1. air over warmer western specific 2. sink as it reaches eastern pacific 3. moves west again and collects moisture, rising a warm marine ppn effects: - decrease upwellings of nutrient rich water - decrease primary productions - decrease fish

Question 31

la nina

Answer 31

- periods of lower sea surface temo

Question 32

Alberta's atmosphere: human influence

Answer 32

praries increase in temp, short, warm winters, hot long summer. intense storems - water flow decrease, supply challenge increase - forest down, grassland up