LAM I Final Flashcards by jamie styles

A horse presents with a skin tent of ~4 seconds, Tacky mucous membranes and 60 BPM. What’s his percentage dehydration?

10-12% Everything but the 60 BPM was describing 8% dehydration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A horse presents with 2 sec skin tent, Moist membranes, 1.5 sec, 38 BPM. % Dehydration?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why did you just slap the tech. upside the head for leaving a bucket of electrolyte solution with the horse?

Because they didn’t leave free water with them. Always leave a source of water with a horse with an electrolyte solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How much fluid can you put down a horses throat?

Capacity is about 15L Should administer well below that

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: 11 L/Hr is an appropriate rate for Oral administration

True! 12-16 L/hr limit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the major contraindication of Oral administration?

Reflux; ultimate contraindication for oral administration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The horse you are working on becomes recumbent. What is the main venus acccess that becomes contraindicated?

lateral thoracic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F The Cephalic vein is used for medication administration alone.

False: The Cephalic vein is not commonly used for administration alone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A rambunctious stallion is brought in for medication administration. Which two venus access points are not readily used?

Cephalic and sphaneous (and possibly lateral thoracic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the limit on how much you should give intra-peritoneal?

Abdominal discomfort around 10L of fluids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the STAT IV rate for horses?

12 dops/ml

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Polyurethane and silicone are ______ term catheters while Teflon and polyethylene are ______ term catheters.

Polyurethan and silicone are LONG term catheters while Teflon and polyethylene are SHORT term catheters.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It’s been 12 days since the tech. put in the catheter of a severely hospitalized horse. Is it time to change it? (polyurethane catheter)

No; 14 days is the typical life span of a long term catheter; Polyurethane and silicone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Teflon catheter has been in 4 days; is the horse at risk?

Yes. Short term catheters are kept AT MAXIMUM 3 days.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most to lest thrombogenic catheter material;?

Polypropylene-> polyethylene -> silicon -> nylon -> polyurethane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do you calculate replacement?

Figure %-dehydration (chart) multiply by body weight in Kg(s)= liters of Fluid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are we looking to do in a horse Resuscitation when it comes to fluid administration?

Trying to replace estimated deficits rapidly (1-2 hours) – can safely give 1 blood volume per hour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is standard Maintenance for Horses?

50-60 ml/kg/day

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F You can give twice maintenance fluids to a impacted horse?

True: Over hydration of impactions with twice maintenance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F Metabolic alkalosis is the most common type of acid-base distrubance in the equine patient.

False Acidosis- most common

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Horse is hyperchloremic, Low HCO3- and an increased anion gap. What is his problem? (acid base state)

Metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which fluids do you use for a shocky patient? (metabolic acidosis)

LRS and/or Normosol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An owner sees that the bicarb is low on the lab-work that you decided they had the right to look at. Why do you refuse to fix the HCO3- deficit?

You do not treat bicarbonate deficiency empirically; unless less than 17-18 (or pH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some causes of Metabolic alkalosis in the equine patient

Endurance racing-#1 High GIT disease; choke, gastric impaction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An endurance horse presents with SDF after a race. Is this fatal?

Metabolic alkalosis will sometimes present with Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter

Your overseeing veterinarian asks you how to check the horses calcium status and what could cause a low level?

Anorexia can cause depletion of Ca. Ionized calcium is the most accurate Ca status

What are the disturbances that can cause 'Thumps'?

"Thumps"= Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (hiccups) HYPOcalcemia- the majority of single-distrbance causes HYPOkalemia Metabolic ALKALOSIS

You're treating an uncomplicated case of 'thumps'. The patient isn't responding as well to the Ca therapy. Why could this be?

Hypomagnesemia may blunt the response to Tx

"Lassie" a quarterhorse presents for hyponatremia. She shows no clinical signs. Should she be rapidly addressed?

No. Normal progress is to rapidly address the discrepancy. Though she shows no clinical signs it is contraindicated to fix them quickly.

Which has a higher range of pH alkalosis; Endurance or Choke cases?

Endurance race horses have the high range of normal \>7.45 Choke; low range of normal- \>7.35

The AST of a horse with muscle disease is measured 19 hours after the first suspected incident. What do you expect to see?

Elevated Peak AST levels 12-24 hours after

T/F AST is muscle specific

False AST is not muscle specific

Is someone telling you "the LDH of a horse is low" helpful?

No LDH has many Isoezymes, "which" is low would be more helpful

What are the parts to an exercise challenge?

1)15-30 minuets of light exercise [rarely causes more than 3 fold increase in CK] 2) Evaluate change in CPK 4-6 hours after exercise [increases of 5 times or more are indicative of exertional rhabdomyolysis

A young Quarter horse shows up with muscle fasciculations, weakness, and prolapse of the third eyelid. Top DDx?

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

What type of etiology is HPP 'impressives disease'?

autosomal dominant inheritance

Horse is reluctant to move, firm hind-limb and back musculature (painful to palpate), and pigmenturia. Top DDx?

Exertional myopathy/rhabdomyolysis

Horse is reluctant to move, firm hind-limb and back musculature (painful to palpate), and pigmenturia. What is the best next diagnostic?

Muscle biopsy; of the mildly effected

where is the best place to biopsy for Exertional myopathy/rhabdomyolysis?

Hind legs; they are mostly type II which are in the hind limb

What are the contraindications to the use of Acepromazine in improving muscle bloodflow?

Dehydrated and Hypotensive

What do you use to sedate an extremely anxious horse with RER?

Xylazine or diazepam

What's the downside to using methocarbamol (muscle relxant)?

Ataxia and depression (worsen symptoms)

You biopsy the muscle from a horse showing an exertional myopathy to find centralized nucli. How do you treat?

Adjust energy needs by adding FAT [animal has RER]

Which breed is mostly affected by Polysacchardie storage myopathy?

Draft horses (Belgians)

A horse's blood pressure drops to 60 mmHg during anesthesia. What are we concerned about?

(his low blood pressure. More specifically) Anesthetic related myopathy

A quarter horse is presented for it's foal dying within the second week of life. What muscle disease is assoicated with this?

Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency

What do we need to look out for in Heparin administration?

RBC agglutination (low molecular weight are less likely to cause it)

A horse loses, what you estimate to be, 20% of it's red cell mass. Should you be worried?

No; Splenocontraction can give 30% of the red cell mass.

In a previous anemic horse. what can we look at to make sure the bone marrow is producing red blood cells?

We can watch that the platelet numbers are coming up. They will rise before the actually blood cells.

T/F Biopsy is better than aspriate

True

Where does strangles take place?

Strangles is the infection of the macrophages of the upper respiratory tract, replicates in the pharynx

What is the signlament/clinical of Guttural pouch empyema?

Guttural pouch empyema: --Previous respiratory tract disease --Intermittent nasal discharge, worsens when head is lowered.

What are the disadvantages to vaccinating for strangles?

Vaccination for strangles can predispose; --bastard strangles --purpura hemorrhagica --retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation

What's contraindicative of a major part of treatment of purpura hemorrhagica?

Dexamathesone (glucocortcoid) can cause vasoconstrictive laminitis if given in too high of a concentration

Which 'colonies' are most likely to cause bronchopneumonia in older horses?

E. Coli and Klebsiella

Which 'colonies' are most likely to cause Foal pneumonia?

Strep.

A horse has serosanguinous discharge before the first frank epistaxis. (small volume) top DDx?

Guttural pouch mycosis, May precede the first frank epistaxis and be preceded by slight mucopurlent unilateral discharge. Several bouts of minor hemorrhage.

What is the prognosis of Fatal hemorrhage in Guttural pouch mycosis?

50%

Who are predisposed to ethmoid hematomas?

Ethmoid hematoma: Thoroughbred, warmbloods and Arabians Males over represented

Horse presents with cheek puffing, quitting and expiratory/inspatory noise on respiration. DDx?

DDSP

Treatment of DDSP?

Treat concurrent conditions tongue tie- prevent caudal retraction of the larynx Tie forward

Which cranial nerves coordinate eye movment?

IV VI III- ocular mortor

What does cranial nerve 5 control? and what do you get with it's damage?

sensory to the One motor to Mastication You get "dropped jaw" with it's damage.

What does moldy corn poisioning causes? how do we treat it?

Leukoechephalomalacia No treatment, supportive.

CSF workup comes back with 75% of the normal circulating glucose. What does the hint towards?

Either contamination with bacteria which consume the glucose. Or Bacterial infection

2:1 Urine P:Cr ratio signifies what?

Glomerulonephritis

What does a 25:1 Urine GGT:Cr ratio signifiy?

Proximal tubular damage

Hematuria early in urination?

Consider urethra or bladder

Hematauria late/end urination?

Consider proximal urethral lesion/bladder

Hematuria throughout urination?

consider bladder or upper urinary tract