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Lameness Flashcards

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1
Q

Key points for nutrition for a health skeleton and gait

A
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2
Q

Key nutrition in the pathway for bone development and growth

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3
Q

Typical problem with over nutrition (excess ME)

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4
Q

General problems with under nutrition

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5
Q
A

* Rib fractures in lams– up to 75% of lambs affected

* Aetiology is through to be associated with copper deficiency which impedes the formation of collagen matrices in especially cancellous bone, but also results in thin cortices in long bones

** the resulting weak bone structure goes unnoticed until lambs are slaughtered where it is detected as calluses primarily in ribs but occasionally affects pelvic and long bones as well

** aetiological associations: decreased copper supplementation, increased use of molybdenum in fertilizer mixes causing a relative reduction in copper availability, wet conditions and/or an increase in grass dominance on pastures leading to more abundant molybdenum, soil factors such as high iron/calcium/sulphur tying up copper and possible impact of increased use of mechanical sheep handlers

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6
Q

Problem with all meat and all grain diets?

A

Ca: Phosphorous ratio

** feed that to a young sheep– improper growth and mineralization of bones

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7
Q

Even if there are no clinical bone abnormalities, poor skeletal growth can also?

A

* prolong time to reach sale weight or puberty

* increase risk of dystocia (due to small frame size)

* increased risk of hypocalcaemia at lambing

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8
Q

So how do you avoid osteoporosis?

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9
Q

What is important with nutrition during cartilage precursor, osteoblast infiltration, and osteoid production?

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10
Q

What is key during osteoid production, cartilage and osteoid mineralisation and cortical and trabecular bone remodelling in regards to nutrition?

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11
Q

High serum phosphate from a diet high in cereal grains in growing cattle and sheep does what?

A

Antagonises serum Ca2+–> Low Ca2+ stimulates PTH–> Ca resorbed from the bone–> tends to cause osteoporosis in sheep and cattle

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12
Q

How can we assess secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A

* Urinary P excretion… compare urein: serum % of phosphorous and creatinine (baseline metabolite that the kidney doesn’t reabsorb)

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What can happen with low dietary vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D needed for active Ca & P absorption from gut–> low Ca &/0r P means bone can’t be mineralised–> Rickets in growing animals or Osteomalacia in adults (remodelled bone is soft)

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16
Q

How do you ensure enough vitamin D in a ruminants diet?

A

Avoid rachitogenic factors (anti vit D) and high NH4 (antagonises dietary Ca absorption) e.g. in oat crops

** can give oral or injectable supplements in young sheep if signs are developing to help in situations of Ca deficiency

* Vit D toxicity causes abnormal tissue mineralization

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17
Q

What can happen in oat crop grazing ruminants that are receiving supplemental oats?

A

TX: Changed their feed to lucerne hay

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18
Q

Keys in a ruminants diet?

A

* Enough energy, protein, Ca, sunlight, Cu

* Parasitism can have a big effect

* Ca: P balance especially with cereal supplements

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19
Q

How much calcium do you need to add to a diet to fix Ca:P ratio?

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20
Q

How can nutrition affect lameness?

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21
Q

Footrot

A

* Contagious

* Dichelobacter nodosus

* Numerous strains can affect sheep at any time

* Bacteria live no more than seven days off sheep in all conditions

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22
Q

3 major Factors of the expression of footrot

A

* footrot spreads when wet

* footrot lesions can progress when dry; a lot of self cure when dry

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23
Q

What species can be infected with footrot? Which strains?

A

* Sheep: all strains

* Goats: all strains but benign looks virulent and virulent looks benign

* Cattle: benign long term, virulent short term in wet conditions

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24
Q

What conditions must be met for transmission of footrot?

A

* Interdigital skin must be disrupted- wet conditions water maceration, mixed bacterial flora, unlikely to spread in dry conditions

* Environmental conditions- wet, temp > 10 C, observe underrun in lambs when conditions are frosty

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25
Q

Costs of footrot

A

* Direct: 10% loss of clean fleece weight; 0.5 micron reduction in fibre diameter, 10% reduction in staple strength; 4-5% loss of fleece value; 12% loss of body weight

* Secondary coss: supplementary feeding due to lower body weight and lower ewe fertility, poorer quality lambs (weaner illthrift, higher death rate, prime lambs lower body weight at sale); metabolic diseases- preg tox; flystrike susceptibility- direct cost due to feet and sitting down, increased risk due to high fly population

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26
Diagnosis of footrot
\* Takes 5 minutes to diagnose but can take \> 12 months to confirm \* Diagnostic choices: - not footrot, benign footrot (\<1% of sheep with score 4 lesions), virulent footrot (\> 1% with score 4 lesions), intermediate footrot (can be difficult making a diagnosis)
27
Footrot history
\* Age, breed etc (Merino more susceptible) \* Previous footrot history \* Recent introductions (last 3 years) \* Recent treatment e.g. footbath (may mask clinical expression) \* Pasture conditions (especially last 6 weeks)
28
Diagnosis of footrot
\* Based on clinical expression - inspect individual sheep - inspect 20-30 sheep- if not sure then - inspect 100 plus sheep at random and foot score - progression test inspect and re-inspect at intervals of 2-4 weeks during spring \* Smear to show presence of bacteria? Of no real value \* Laboratory tools are of secondary importance
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Laboratory tests for footrot
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Normal foot
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Score 1
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Score 2
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Score 3a
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Score 3b
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Score 3c
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Score 4
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score 5
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Chronic score 4/5
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Score 4/5
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Factors affecting clinical expression
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What will you see with benign footrot? Eradication?
\* Mild signs most years \* Few signs in dry years \* Very few score 4 \* Lots of score 1-2 lesions \* Self cure in dry period \* Back next wet period \* Not obligated to eradicate \* Eradication not cost effective or likely- true carrier state more likely? \* Big decision with borderline strains \* Control options: simple footbathing as necessary
47
What will you see with virulent footrot?
\* Needs suitable weather \* Initially signs similar to benign \* Keeps progressing \* Some self cure \* Obligated to eradicate + it can be eradicated \* Cost effective to eradicate
48
When do you see footrot? When do you eradicate?
\* Spread period: warm most weather, mostly spring/autumn, less in winter except in north, summer requires summer rain \*\* this is when footrot should be controlled \* Should be eradicated when it is dry unless you destock the farm (usually summer)
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Eradication of footrot
\* Planning- labour, fencing (eliminate source), infrastructure (foot baths, laneways, inspection equipment), sheep (replacement sheep, stock numbers), budget (cost benefit, cash flow, peak debt) \* Control (winter- spring... control, prepare for first inspection) \* Eradication- summer \* Surveillance- late autumn \* Prevention
50
Control options
\* Footbathing- benign, virulent - walk through 8m + (formalin, 10% zinc sulphate weekly); stand in 10-20% zinc sulphate, footrite, radicate 12-16 days \* Vaccination- with more virulent strains \* Do nothing- most common but not a good option
51
Footbathing for footrot- types? frequency?
Footbathing- benign, virulent - walk through 8m + (formalin, 10% zinc sulphate weekly); stand in 10-20% zinc sulphate, footrite, radicate 12-16 days \*\* Lambs respond better than chronic adult lesions
52
Is vaccine available in Australia? How long is the protection? How good is the protection?
Additional doses in high rainfall regions \*\* Ideally would have combo of footbathing and vaccination BUT: there is a view that vaccination is "hiding" the disease, many wouldn't use anyway because give one dose and say it failed due to expectations... not even available in AUS \*\* Mono/bivalent vaccine more efficacy than multivlaent but not available
53
So how do you actually eradicate in Australia?
\*\* when it is dry \* By inspection: e.g. 4 inspections throughout summer gradually finding all of the sheep and removing from the flock \* By destocking- change over cost- depends on year, old sheep, poor genotype, change enterprise, disease free source (OJD, lice, drench resistance) \* Only after planning and elimination of potential reintroduction
54
If you want to salvage sheep with footrot, how ?
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Prevention of footrot
56
Management?
Toe abscess: often associated with shelly toe various pyogenic bacterium \* Foot/heel abscess: Fusobacterium necrophorum \* Risk factors: - wet muddy conditions, heavy late pregnant ewes or rams - breeds: merino, crossbred - older sheep more vulnerable
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Common foot conditions of sheep and associated pathogens
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Treatment and Prevention of foot conditions
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Lame sheep with a history of grain feeding/ change ration, possible DDX?
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Arthritis in sheep caused by what pathogens? Pathogenesis?
\* Chlamydophila \* Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae \* Purulent arthritis (such as joint ill) caused by various bacterium: - Actinomyces pyogenes - Fusobacterium necrophorus - Histophilus ovis - Staph sp., Strep sp.
63
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) \* Notifiable \* Lentivirus- related to maedi-visna/ovine progressive pneumonia virus (infects goats-- sheep experimentally) \* Incubation months- years \* Low circulating Ab when finally seroconverts-- levels provide no immunity and not indicative of presence or absence of infection \* Clinically: Arthritis (big knee)-- non suppurative inflammation, especially the carpus and tenosynovitis, hard udder, chronic interstitial pneumonia, chronic weight loss, leukoencephalo-myelitis \*\* Diagnosis: Clinical signs, histopath, serology- beware potential poor sensitivity & late seroconversion... ongoing surveillance and monitoring and biosecurity after a herd has been infected \*\* Control: Prevent transmission, Vertical transmission (prevent colostral transmission and pasteurized goat/cow milk and artificial colostrum only... horizontal-- 2 herd system (separate clean and infected adults).... surveillance-- ongoing test and cull program...
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What is important to know in the history?
\* history of foot rot? foot rot free source or just out of the sale yards? previous environmental conditions? any foot bathing could be masking the signs? \*\* E Collect history etc
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C (4 or 5) & D (2)
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D or E depending on the severity of the lesions you've found
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C
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D. Score 3b
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F Score 4
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**B**
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C Footbath weekly in 10% zinc sulphate
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E when conditions dry out (late spring- early summer)-- as long as you've mended fences to avoid reinfection
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Right on the cut off between benign and virulent \*\* Therefore examine more sheep-- put sheep in quarantine-- may have to inspect later on
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D. Quarantine the sheep and reinspect in spring
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\* standard perception is 7 days \*\* D. Until the end of a normal spring period after the sheep have been inspected
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B. Laminitis or D Septic arthritis
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D. Acute laminitis associated with conditions such as colic or metritis
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What is Eskaline?

Small Ruminants (5 decks)

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