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(65 cards)

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1
Q

Basic Search - GODBEE

A 
Get Information
Orientate
Discuss
Brief
Execute
Evaluate
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2
Q

Get Information

A 
ATO/RSTA
J2
8-Line
JTAC AO Update
Aircraft handover
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3
Q

Orientate

A 
Identify key features
Roads
Rivers
Tree lines
Buildings
Relate to a map
Funnel navigation - Big to Small, use 9 keypads to progressively zoom in
Use a standard unit of measure
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4
Q

Discuss

A

Important considerations during the discussion
Essential Elements of Information (EEI)
Aircraft positioning
Camera requirements vs. Airspace restrictions
Counter detection
Weather

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5
Q

Brief

A

EEI considerations
Specific objective that needs to be met during the mission
Usually based on intelligence requirements e.g.
Identify number of missiles
Observe personnel activity
Sensor performance, which camera is best suited to the task?
Electro-optical (EO) is not useful at night
IR is better for detecting activity or movement
Aircraft Positioning
Turn Radius
Weather considerations
EEI satisfaction
Airspace & Deconfliction
Other Aircraft (Manned vs. Unmanned)
ROZs
Weather
Nadir
Detection concerns

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6
Q

Execute

A

Conduct your search
2 basic search techniques…
Rolling Box
RASTER Search (creeping line ahead

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7
Q

Rolling Box:

A

Search of a small area surrounding a point target
Designated point is placed at any corner of screen
Slew image so that designated point will touch all corners of the screen, making a box
The chosen point should stay on the screen at all times
Gives better SA around a point target.

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8
Q

RASTER Scan:

A

Search of large open areas or built-up areas
Useful for Lines of Communication (LOC) where a search of swaths of land either side are required
Can take a long time to conduct search
Easy to become disorientated as aircraft orbits
Integrity of search vs. speed of search

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9
Q

Evaluate

A 
How is it going?
Are the EEIs being met?
Could anything be done to make it better?
Got any new information?
Re-Orientate
Re-Discuss
Re-Brief
Re-Execute

Evaluate again!

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10
Q

CLEWS

A 
Clever little enemy
Cover
LOS
Escape
Weapons
Spotters
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11
Q

Cover

A

Enemy forces will need cover. They will not want to stand in the open and risk being killed. Though not a hard and fast rule, it is unlikely that enemy forces will be in open fields. Look for true lines, ditches, and of course built up areas. Always could be used to give cover to attacking or defending enemy forces.

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12
Q

LOS

A

For the enemy to attack friendly forces they will need line of sight. You would want to prioritise your search so that the initial areas that give cover and line of sight are searched first. Consideration should then be given to the other areas.

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13
Q

Escape routes

A

The EF will need an escape route. That could be a physical escape route such as a bridge across a river. Or it could be as simple as blending in to rest of the village with the indigenous population. Identify possible escape routes and think about looking at them later.

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14
Q

Weapons

A

Look for weapons. A sure-fire indication of nefarious activity and hostile intent. Look also for weapons that may have been disguised by wrapping rags or rugs around them. It is unlikely that the enemy forces would be carrying shovels on their shoulders that are covered in rags or a new carpet through a field!

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15
Q

Spotters

A

Look for people potentially using comms devices. It could be an enemy commander directing enemy forces. Or it could be an individual making a radio call when he sees FF. All of this has a hostile intent. Think where you would be to spy on the enemy? Road junctions, behind buildings, up high.

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16
Q

IRCAGE

A 
IR
Chokepoint/ channeling
Aiming Markers
Ground Disturbance
Enviromental
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17
Q

7 Principle Elements

A

Turret – Houses the sensors

Gimbal – Steering and stabilisation

Master Control Unit – Brains of the system

Controls – Control the camera (usually a Joystick or Hand Controller)

Displays – For the operator and/or other crew members

Recorders – For Post flight Analysis

Downlink – To provide a picture to the SU or to CAOC

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18
Q

Gimbal:

A

Performs the function of stabilisation, steering and pointing.
360º in azimuth
Limited in elevation - Camera housing a top and NADIR at bottom
Housing for the camera to ‘stow’
Snow plough - When the camera gimbals get stuck in a downward position and the camera is ‘dragged’ by the a/c across the ground

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19
Q

Master Control Unit (MCU)

A

Controls, manipulates and processes the data from the sensor payload
Interfaces with other aircraft systems
Interfaces with operator control unit (OCU)
The brains of the system as well as the interface with all the other components

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20
Q

Controls:

A

Operator Control Unit (OCU)
Controls the turret functions (except steering).
Joystick
Controls the steering.
Hand Control Unit (HCU)
A HCU can be described as having the functions an OCU and the functions of a Joystick.
Instead of a separate OCU the main functions are on the HCU.
Instead of a Joystick the steering is accomplished by means of a thumb transducer.

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21
Q

Displays:

A 
Master Monitor
Shows the video in command (VIC)
Operator selectable overlays
Can include a moving map which will help to identify ground locations that the camera is looking at
Repeater screens
Display a repeat of the master monitor
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22
Q

Recorders:

A

Either built in to the MCU and will automatically record specific screens and overlays, much like an aircraft black box recorder or maybe a separate recorder which is operator controlled. Used for debrief and Process, Exploitation and Dissemination (PED).

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23
Q

Downlink:

A

Video is encrypted and streamed to ground stations to provide increased SA for:
CAOC/Tasking Authority
Ground Commander
SU on the ground

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24
Q

Turret

A

Modular payload containing multiple sensors
IR camera
EO wide camera
EO narrow camera
LTM - sparkle/illuminator
LRD - Primarily for weapons guidance but can also provide target elevation and coordinates

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25
2 main bands used for EO/IR sensors
IR and Visible Light
26
2 main IR bands used for IR sensors
3-5 (mid IR) and 8-14 microns (far IR)
27
Environmental Factors that affect EO and IR performance
``` Sun Visibility Precipitation Clouds Fog ```
28
SUN EO
During sunrise/sunset, the low light levels can cause shadowing.  The camera may be 'blinded' by the sun, therefore a/c orbit needs to be taken into consideration.
29
VIS EO
Sand and dust particles cause the light to scatter, reducing the ability for the EO camera to see through.
30
Precipitation EO
Much in the same way as sand and dust, precipitation causes the light to scatter.
31
Clouds EO
Thick clouds will completely obscure the picture where as thin wispy clouds may be able to be seen through but may degrade the picture. Clouds may also cause shadows on the ground making it more difficult to see a target.
32
FOG EO
An EO camera is unable to see through fog due to the dense particles.
33
SUN IR
Pointing an IR camera directly at the sun may ruin it and render it u/s. As the sun heats an object it may change how it appears. The sun can also cause thermal scarring to the ground, making it appear that an object is still there, even once it has departed.
34
VIS IR
Sand and dust particles cause the light to scatter, reducing the ability for the IR camera to see through. 
35
Precipitation IR
Large droplets can absorb IR energy and heavy rain causes significant attenuation, however, as rain cools the background, thermally significant objects will tend to stand out.
36
Clouds IR
Thick clouds will completely obscure the picture where as thin wispy clouds may be able to be seen through but may degrade the picture. Clouds may also cause shadows on the ground making it more difficult to see a target.
37
FOG IR
Obscures an IR camera, however, 'hot spots' such as fires or an engine may be visible through the fog.
38
Emissivity:
In order for us to see an object using IR it needs to have an emissivity value, the max being 1. This value is calculated using complex formulae, however, if an object has an emissivity of 1, it has a reflectivity of 0.
39
Thermal Crossover happens when?
At certain times of the day (+/- 1 hour of sunrise and +/- 1 hour of sunset) there is a phenomena called Thermal Crossover. Different materials have different thermal responses, and this is the period when the radiant temperatures are virtually the same.
40
What happens in thermal corssover
During this period, usually when EO is fading and IR is the only option, the target may blend in with its surroundings making it very difficult to spot. There is no magic fix during this time of day, however changing the polarity of your IR camera may help. An IR camera has an operator selectable ‘black hot’ or ‘white hot’ option. Switching the polarity may draw your eye to something you couldn’t previously see.
41
PAS vs RPAS | What are the main differences or indeed similarities? 
Crew sat in the a/c SA Emergencies Weapons Capabilities
42
What if the aircraft loses link with the satellite?
``` Weather in area Weather en-route Weather at destination Hot airspace Squawk Frequencies (transmitter for LRE) ```
43
NDISR
Non-Dedicated ISR
44
NDISR Platforms
Typhoon | F35
45
Dedicated ISR platforms
Shadow Reaper Protector p-8
46
Intelligence Levels:
Strategic Informs the formation of policy, military planning and provision of Indications and Warnings (I&W) at the national and/or international levels. Derived from information gathered across the spectrum of military, diplomatic, political and economic matters Operational Informs the planning, execution and support of campaigns and operations within a theatre or JOA by a HQ Tactical Informs the planning and execution of operations at the tactical level
47
Intelligence Cycle:
Direction Requirements determined by a decision maker to fit the objectives. Collection In response to the requirements, a collection plan is made, applying available resources and seeking intelligence from other agencies. This includes all disciplines; HUMINT, IMINT, SIGINT, OSINT etc. Processing Once collected, the information is processed for exploitation. This involves translation of raw intelligence materials, evaluation or relevance and reliability and collection in preparation for exploitation. Dissemination Finished products take many forms depending on the need of the decision maker and reporting requirements. Review Throughout it is important to review.
48
ISR Process
Task - Direction from Cdr to ISR staff on where and what to collect Collect - Assessment of platform availability / capability / performance history / vulnerability Process - The collation and evaluation of information collected by platform Exploit - The evaluation / analysis / interpretation / integration of collected information by trained intelligence staff (turns information into intelligence) Dissemination - Ensures the dissemination of the intelligence product to the right people, at the right classification, in the appropriate format in a timely manner.
49
How can an EO/IR platform be employed?
``` T Target Development B Battle Damage Assessment (BDA C Convoy Support/Route recce C Counter IED (CIED) H Helicopter Landing Site recce (HLS) T Target Illumination/Close Air Support (CAS) P Pattern of Life (POL) J Joint Personnel Recovery (JPR R Raid Support ```
50
Target Development
When the CAOC/PJHQ/SU or other tasking authority declares a new Target or Operation which requires FMV to collect on: Personnel activities Target disposition- size, numbers, locations, vehicles, weapons Approach routes, hazards, entry and exit points
51
Pattern of Life (POL)
Building a picture of the ‘normal’ so the ‘abnormal’ stands out.
52
Convoy Support / Route Recce
Pre, during and post Remain ahead of the convoy- they know where they are! Identify possible hazards - IEDs, weapons, choke points, built up areas No comms procedure- use a laser if night time, day time more tricky
53
Counter-IED (CIED)
``` Covert Persistent Use POL - regular routes Operate in ‘peak activity’ times - dusk and dawn as less people about Look for visual markers/disturbed earth ```
54
HLS Recce
Scan surrounding areas and highlight a suitable location: Flat No obstructions Big enough for the helo? Close enough to end location without being LOS? Aware of spotter/sniper locations No evidence of IED activity Comms/no comms procedures Sparkle - rope or figure of 8 to bring eyes into area
55
Raid Support
Scan surrounding areas for spotters/snipers Look for squirters during the raid Report through pre-determined channels Maintain eyes on, post raid to establish changes to POL Your role maybe to scan an areas out to 5km from the raid- do not be drawn back to the raid or you are putting the FF at risk
56
JPR
``` Co-ordinated by the CAOC You will have specific tasking that may involve: Looking for the personnel Keeping eyes on Scanning for EF approaching Clearing a HLS ```
57
Target Illumination/Close Air Support (CAS)
CAS is air action against hostile targets which are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces Laser Target Marker – LTM NVGs needed to see laser Laser Range Designator – LRD Used in CAS with a specific PRF code to guide weapons onto target
58
Battle Damage Assessment (BDA)
Estimation of damage resulting from lethal or non-lethal military force Physical damage assessment Functional damage assessment Accurate and timely BDA reports determine: If the desired effect was achieved If collateral damage or fratricide was avoided
59
Infrastrucutre of RPAS
``` Aircraft UAV Satellite Relay Station FSST Fibre Optics Ground Station GCS Ground Data Terminal GDT ```
60
LTM AND LRD
Laser target marker - visible to NVG | Laser range designator Needs same PRF
61
TCPED F
``` Task Collect Process Exploit Dessimenate Feedback ```
62
ISR vs ISTAR
ISR is Strategic | ISTAR is Operational and Tactical
63
People on raido are known as?
PAX Males Bravo Women Echos Kids Kilo
64
Vehilces and Buildings knows as
Cars Charlies | Houses Alphas
65
When describing somone's use?
ABCDEFGH S ``` Age Build Clothing Distinct Features Elevation Face Gait Hair ``` Sex

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