land & maritime empires Flashcards
(30 cards)
14th to 18th centuries period of cooling that lowered the crop yields due to climate change
Little Ice Age
14th to 20th century Islamic Empire centered in the Middle East… one of the Gunpowder Empires that controlled the “heart” of the Islamic world
Ottoman Empire
14th-17th century Dynasty in China. Reunified China after defeating the Mongol, worked to erase much of the Mongol culture from the Yuan dynasty and mongol control… sent expeditions into the Indian Ocean in the 15th century but later embraced isolationist ideas in the later centuries
Ming Empire
system of labor tribute used by Inca Empire & then adopted by the Spanish to force natives to work, such as in Spanish mines & encomiendas
mita system
West Africa kingdoms that grew in power and wealth through their connections to the Trans-Atlantic slave trade
Kingdoms of Asante & Kongo
system of racial hierarchy in Spanish controlled Americas that ordered the European, Natives, slaves, and mixed-races of the reigon after European conquest
Casta system
leader of Ming Expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean to demonstrate Chinese power and bring the Indian Ocean into the Chinese tribute system. Records of the voyages were destroyed soon after the Ming turned inward
Zheng He
environmental transfer of plants, annimals, and diseases from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas (16th century)
Columbian Exchange
16th-18th century system of land ownership and usage in the Americas by Spanish conquerors. Spanish landlords oversaw native workers in agriculture
Encomienda system
16th-18th century Islamic Empire in South Asia ruling over a mostly Hindu population
Mughal Empire
16th-17th c Portuguese control of cities and ports along the Indian Ocean trade network that competed with Muslim, Hindu, and other merchants of the trade networks
Trading Post Empire
16th-17th c schism in European Christianity dividing “Protestant” and “Catholic” Christianity and leading to political and cultural tension in Europe and European Christianization of the Americas and elsewhere
Protestant Reformation
late 16th century joint stock company used to control spice trade in regions of Southeast Asia. Made high profits and was allowed to conquer, make treaties, and trade in the name of the Dutch government
Dutch East India Company
17th century rulers (Shoguns) of a recently unified Japan. Promoted cultural isolation while developing a commercial economy and silver mining. (Rejected European mimsisonaries.)
Tokugawa Shogunate
17th-20th c Initially the Manchus were a group from Northern China but invaded and conquered all of China taking over from the Ming and ruled China for 3 centuries
Manchu (Qing) Empire
16th to mid 18th century Empire in Persia (Iran). Shi’a Islamic Empire of the gunpowder empires. Had conflict with the Sunni Empires
Safavid Empire
system used by Ottoman rulers in a small region of their empire in which rulers took non-Muslim youth as “slaves” and converted and trained them to become leading military and bureaucratic elites loyal to the sultan
devshirme
in Europe “divine right to rule” in China “Mandate of Heaven” - idea that a ruler had legitimacy because of a god or gods’ support
supernatural sanction to rule
European example of ruler legitimizing power through architecture in the French king’s construction of a giant royal palace
Palace of Versailles
taxation system used especially in the Ottoman state in which the government auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder who then collected the state taxes and made payments in fixed installments, keeping a part of the tax revenue for his own use. Example of economic strategy to consolidate power.
tax farming
tax in some form (goods, “money”, work)
tribute
cultural revival in Western Europe centered on a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) culture and ideas
Renaissance
Catholic Church response to the Protestant Reformation, elements of corruption were eliminated and hte basis of Catholicism was confirmed. Also, renewed interest in punishing “heresy” (ideas that went against the church’s teachigns). Jesuit order formed for increased missionary efforts
Counter reformation
belief system beginning in the 1500s in South Asia. “Blend” of Hinduism and Islam and was “Monotheistic” & relatively tolerant. example of syncretism
Sikhism
