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land use Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Low-Input Agriculture

A

purchasing few off-farm inputs (usually fertilizers and pesticides), while increasing on-farm inputs (i.e. manures, cover crops, and especially management).

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2
Q

Low-Input Agriculture pros and cons

A

pros:conerves till
high diversity
cons:more expensive to the consumer

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3
Q

Traditional Agriculture

A

treating the soil and plants with products that are more likely than not noxious, and more likely than not synthetically produced in a laboratory

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4
Q

Traditional Agriculture pros and cons

A

better crops
habitat loss
wasteful water consumption

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5
Q

High-Input Agriculture

A

includes mechanized equipment,chemical fertilizers and pesticides

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6
Q

High-Input Agriculture

pros and cons

A

high crop yield
more requirements for farming are less and more economical
lots of pesticides that leads to pollution and disease

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7
Q

Industrialized Agriculture

A

characterized by mechanized equipment,monocultures,chemical fertilizers,pesticides

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8
Q

Industrialized Agriculture

pros and cons

A

cheap
job opportunity
morally wrong
pollutes land and air

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9
Q

Slash and Burn Agriculture

A

clear and burn a small plot-burning clears vegetation and releases nutrients into soil

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10
Q

Slash and Burn Agriculture

pros and cons

A

helpful for environment and soil
poor air quality
kills off species

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11
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

grown primarily for the consumption of the farmers’ family

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12
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

pros and cons

A

lower prices
crop output
can’t grow as many crops at a time

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13
Q

Organic Agriculture

A

crops are grown with the use of ecologically safe methods and without synthetic pesticides, GMOs, or inorganic fertilizers

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14
Q

Organic Agriculture pros and cons

A

conserve biodiversity
improves soil quality

time consuming
diminished productivity overtime

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15
Q

Agroforestry

A

harvestable trees or shrubs grown around crops or on pastureland

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16
Q

Agroforestry pros and cons

A

increase crop yield
energy saving
long time to reap yields

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17
Q

Alley Cropping

A

planting crops in strips with rows of trees on each side

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18
Q

Alley Cropping pros and cons

A

diversity
land quality improvement
additional labor required

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19
Q

Crop Rotation

A

planting different crops from year to year

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20
Q

Crop Rotation pros and cons

A

reduces soil erosion
diversification increase
more skill
limited growing conditions

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21
Q

Intercropping

A

grow more than one crop in the same field,usually in altering rows or sections

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22
Q

Intercropping pros and cons

A

lower soil surface evaporation
decrease soil erosion
time consuming
reduced efficiency in planting

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23
Q

Corporate Farming

A

companies that own or influence farms and agricultural practices on a large scale.

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24
Q

Corporate Farming pros and cons

A

cheapers
better quality yield
higher environmental cost
risk of being corrupted by big businesses

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25
Interplanting
growing two different crops in the same area at the same time
26
Interplanting pros and cons
cheaper | one plant can pollute the other
27
Monoculture
mass production of one crop
28
Monoculture | pros and. cons
more affordable requires pesticides limits soil fertility
29
Low Till, No Till, Conservation Till Agriculture
way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage. ... In many agricultural regions, it can reduce or eliminate soil erosion.
30
Low Till, No Till, Conservation Till Agriculture | pros and cons
minimally disturbed cheaper fungal disease herbicides
31
Polyvarietal Cultivation
planting multiple varieties of the same crop
32
Polyvarietal Cultivation | pros and cons
reduces weeds and disease outbreaks | difficult for farmers to contain
33
Plantation
commercial system for export
34
Plantation | pros and cons
doesn’t typically use industrial practices | pollution
35
Polyculture
different crops in the same space to intimidate diversity in nature
36
Polyculture | pros and cons
``` soil fertility more efficient use of resources farmers must be more knowledgeable laborious task more of an investment ```
37
Shifting Cultivation
area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored.
38
Shifting Cultivation pros and cons
preserving soil, maintaining the culture | not efficient enough especially with our growing population, destruction of rain forests and trees
39
Nomadic Herding
when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze.
40
Nomadic Herding pros and cons
preserves environmental quality saves money no surplus of product
41
Feedlot
an area or building where livestock are fed or fattened up
42
feedlot pros and cons
efficient good for animals good for reproduction rates if not taken cared for, the pastures might not grow when spring comes
43
Aquaculture
the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food
44
Aquaculture | pros and cons
emphasis of protecting wildlife reduces fishing pressure amplifies transfer of disease deteriorates aesthetic beauty of coastline
45
First Generation Pesticide
imple, usually very toxic chemicals which harm almost everything they come into contact with
46
First Generation Pesticide pros and cons
replaces botanicals | does more damage than good
47
Second Generation Pesticide
pesticides are synthetic compounds created for the intentional use as a pesticide and organism specific
48
Second Generation Pesticide | pros and cons
less toxic than first generation pesticides | DDT which is a negative effect on humans
49
Broad Spectrum Pesticide
pesticides that are designed to kill or manage a wide variety of organisms. Broad-spectrum pesticides are used when many different species of organisms are causing harm is unknown
50
Broad Spectrum Pesticide | pros and cons
unwanted organisms can damage plants are eliminated | can negatively affect humans
51
Narrow Spectrum Pesticide
that have a small coverage range are referred to as narrow-spectrum pesticides, because they are designed to kill or manage a select group of organisms
52
Narrow Spectrum Pesticide pros and cons
doesn’t affect the whole crop and takes less pesticides because of it bioaccumulation and biomagnification
53
Biological Agent
is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus that can be used purposefully as a weapon in bioterrorism or biological warfare (BW)
54
Biological Agent pros and cons
cheap and easy to make can be used in any nation not always effective agents stay in environment for a long time
55
Carbamate
affects the nervous system of pests
56
Carbamate | pros and cons
effective less toxic stays on earth longer
57
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
synthetic substance that affects the nervous system of pests
58
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon | pros and cons
low toxicity to mammals | lasts years in environment
59
Fumigant
pesticide spray
60
Fumigant | pros and cons
can kill colonies of pests can help plant growth kills goo organisms too
61
Inorganic
unnatural positions that are chemically induced
62
Inorganic | pros and cons
controls contamination cost efficient highly toxic and accumulates in environment
63
Organophosphates
type of pesticide that works by damaging an enzyme in the body called acetylcholinesterase
64
Organophosphates pros and cons
toxins short lived | extremely toxic
65
Integrated Pest Management
broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL).
66
Integrated Pest Management | pros and cons
maintains balanced ecosystem slower to adjust to pesticides more technicalities into it time consuming
67
Even-Age Management
tree plantations
68
Even-Age Management pros and cons
less root competition in regenerated stand enables genetic improvement if necessary when planted higher potential for erosion less biologically diverse
69
Uneven-Age Management
maintain a stand of trees with all ages
70
Uneven-Age Management pros and cons
seed supply come naturally growth capacity can be converted to revenue at short intervals control over land may be more difficult more challenging to achieve balanced sustained yield
71
Selective Cutting
specific trees in an area are chosen and cut
72
Selective Cutting | pros and cons
``` shorter regrowth time little soil erosion destructive to remaining habitats expensive slower production speed ```
73
High Grading
cutting and removing only the largest and best trees
74
High Grading pros and cons
doesn’t get rid of all trees immediately | leaves stub of tree just laying there which is harmful
75
Shelterwood Cutting
removes all mature trees in an area for a limited time
76
Shelterwood Cutting | pros and cons
natural looking forestand cutting keeps seeds from being crowded too many trees could be removed at one time
77
Seed Tree Cutting
majority of trees removed but scattered,seed-producing trees are left to regenerate stand
78
Seed Tree Cutting pros and cons
lets multiple species grow genetic improvements crowding,less efficient compared to clear cutting
79
Clear Cutting
cutting all trees
80
Clear Cutting pros and cons
provides sunlight for new trees cost and time efficient can take longer to regenerate new trees habitat loss
81
Strip Cutting
clear-cutting strips of trees that follows the land contour
82
Strip Cutting | pros and cons
natural regeneration little environmental damage not as efficient as clear cutting
83
Surface Mining
shallow deposits are removed
84
Surface Mining | pros and cons
financial benefits safer alternative to pit mining erosion contamination
85
Subsurface Mining
deep deposits are removed
86
Subsurface Mining | pros and cons
safer than surface mining cost time
87
Open Pit Mining
machines dig holes and remove ores,sand, gravel, and stone
88
Open Pit Mining pros and cons
more ore can be extracted quicker safer working conditions toxic groundwater can accumulate at bottom of holes
89
Area Strip Mining
earth movers strips away overburden, and giant shovels removes mineral deposit
90
Area Strip Mining | pros and cons
cost effective brought to market quicker often leaves spoil banks
91
Contour Strip Mining
used on hilly or mountainous terrain
92
Contour Strip Mining | pros and cons
faster recovery rate safer than underground mining unless land’s restored, high wall is left behind
93
Mountaintop Removal
machinery removes the tips of mountains to expose coal
94
Mountaintop Removal | pros and cons
saves energy cost and work efficient resulting waste rock and dirt are dumped into streams and valleys below

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