Landforms

Question 1

Formation of a cave, arch, stack & stump (simplified)

Answer 1

1- rock fractures become enlarged due to abrasion, hydraulic action and solution. further widened by weathering e.g oxidation & carbonation.
2- developing crevices enlarge into smaller caves. the larger surface area exposed to weathering and erosional processes leads to an increase in the rate of rock removal.
3- wave refraction leads to erosion on the side of the headland forming a large cave.
4- caves developing on the opposite side of the headland may erode deeper until they meet, combine and form an arch.
5- the arch roof narrows due to weathering from above e.g carbonation. it becomes thinner until it collapses leaving a pillar of rock called a stack.
6- the stack is weathered by sub aerial processes at the top and marine processes at the base. it reduced in height and width until it is a stump.
7- the stump is eventually eroded and leaves behind a wave cut platform.

Question 2

Cave arch stack stump examples

Answer 2

Harry Stoke (UK)
Great Ocean Road (Australia)

Question 3

What is isostatic change?

Answer 3

When the land rises or falls due to the weight of the ice.
Can take hundreds of years.
E.g. UK (localised) Scotland’s rising whilst the south coast’s falling

Question 4

What is eustatic change?

Answer 4

When the sea is rising or falling.
Global.
The main cause is climate change (natural climatic cycles and human enhanced cycles)
Thermal expansion, melting ice caps…

Question 5

What is tectonic change?

Answer 5

Sea and land level change. 
Can occur overnight. 
Large local scale. 
E.g. New Zealand
Earthquakes cause land level change. 
Tsunamis cause sea level change.

Question 6

What is a submergent coastline?

Answer 6

Flooding of a coastline.
E.g. South Coast UK (isostatic)
Sea levels rise and/ or land levels fall

Question 7

What is a emergent coastline?

Answer 7

The raising of coastlines and their features above sea level.
E.g. Isle of Arran in Scotland
Sea level falls and/or land level rises

Question 8

Feature of submergent coast: RIA

Answer 8

Closer to the sea, deeper the water. (At the mouth)
Submerged v-shaped valley.
Wide & flat.
Have branches.
River valley.
Estuary’s should have flood plains either side.
E.g. South West England

Question 9

Feature of submergent coast:

FJORDS

Answer 9

Shallow entrance. 
Glacial valley. 
U-shaped. 
Rectangular pattern. 
Steep & narrow. 
Drowned when sea levels rise. 
Very deep inland. 
Reminance of steel sides. 
E.g. West Coast of South Island in NZ

Question 10

Feature of a submergent coast:

DALMATION COASTS

Answer 10

E.g. Croation coast.

Flooding leaves only the tips of mountains which leaves small islands close together.

Question 11

Features of emergent coastline:

Raised beaches, marine platforms & relict landform of erosion. (Land rising)

Answer 11

Beach is no longer at sea level.

Caves - no longer exposed to marine action.