Language

Question 1

True/False
Only humans learn language
Language is one of the things that separate us from other animal species

Answer 1

True

Question 2

True/False
any human baby can learn any human language

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Language is

Answer 3

A system of symbols and rules on how to combine symbols.

Question 4

Language allows humans to convey

Answer 4

An infinite set of ideas

Question 5

Language is intrinsic to

Answer 5

Cooperate, plan & instruct
Share ideas, experiences, emotions
Pass on knowledge
Think through problems
Exchange and preserve customs,histories, stories

Question 6

What are the 5 properties that distinguish Language from other forms of communication

Answer 6

1. Symbolic
2. Rule Governed
3. Meaningful
4. Generative
5. Displacement

Question 7

Describe the Symbolic properties of Language

Answer 7

Linguistic Symbols are Arbitrary
a linguistic symbol such as the word Cat is agreed to mean a feline creature
the word symbol cat is agreed to have this meaning mean this

Question 8

Describe Language Property - Rule- Governed

Answer 8

Language uses rules of Grammar and Syntax
set of rules that governs how symbols can be combined and ordered
-Szpilpm is Identifiably not an English word as English does not allow so many consonants without vowels.
- words good not this in order are.

Question 9

True/False
Language rules are universal

Answer 9

False
different languages have unique rules which govern how language symbols are ordered and combined

Question 10

Describe the property of Language - Meaningful

Answer 10

A Language must convey Meaning
semantics = the meanings of words and sentences
Meaning is not always obvious
-Duck can be bird or an action
- Idioms such as Bull in a china shop do not represent their meanings and these can shift

Question 11

Describe Language Property - Generative

Answer 11

The small set of sounds can be combined into a huge set of words.– Hawaiian has only 13 sounds!!!– English has 44!
- which can be be combined into an infinite set of sentences.
- Following the rules, you can create unique sentences to express any thought.

Question 12

Which property of language allows us to communicate about hypothetical or imagined topics
such as the past, the future or unicorns

Answer 12

The Property Language Displacement

Question 13

Pragmatics =

Answer 13

Meaning in context of discourse

Question 14

Semantics =

Answer 14

literal meaning of phrases and sentences

Question 15

Syntax =

Answer 15

phrases and sentences

Question 16

Morphology =

Answer 16

Words

Question 17

Phonology =

Answer 17

phonemes

Question 18

Phonetics =

Answer 18

speech sounds

Question 19

what is the difference between phonemes and sounds

Answer 19

phonemes are meaning Changing sounds may not be

Question 20

What is the smallest unit or building block of Language

Answer 20

phonemes

Question 21

what is the smallest Meaningful unit in Language

Answer 21

Morphemes
unhappiness = 3 morphemes each one changes the meaning of the word
un-
Happi
ness

Question 22

Words require at least one

Answer 22

Morpheme

Question 23

What is bottom up processing of language

Answer 23

Input driven
Driven by the perceptual system.
– You start with the input and put pieces together
– Sounds combine into morphemes/words,words combine into phrases, phrases into
sentences
 Input can be sounds, letters, signs
 Input makes contact with stored representations, e.g., words

Question 24

What is top down processing of language

Answer 24

Prior knowledge is used to generate predictions or expectations.
– Context
– Frequency
– Internal states
Our perceptual experience can be biased by our expectations or prior knowledge
– What did we expect the person to say?
– What do they normally say?

Question 25

What is Speech Segmentation

Answer 25

The perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends. We use cues to help us segment spoken language. Distribution of sounds – [ng] never starts a word – [h] never ends a word – [glottal stop] only in the middle of words

Question 26

how do people recognize words

Answer 26

Recognition involves matching the input stimulus (spoken or written word) with an internal mental representation We store words in our Mental Lexicon– Like a dictionary, we store information about pronunciation, meaning, and grammar

Question 27

What Factors impact word recognition

Answer 27

1. Word Frequency - how often do you read, hear,say a word? 2. Age of Acquisition - age when a child learns a word– Giant learned early but low frequency - Earlier = faster recognition 3.Priming affects word recognition– Semantic priming -DOG - CAT – Form priming -Cat -CATALOGUE – Morphological priming -Cat - CATS or Give - Gave 4. Context the meaning of the sentence a word comprises.

Question 28

Which sentence would likely result in the fastest recognition of the word "moustache" and which factor of recognition does this demonstrate a) The friend talked as the barber trimmed the moustache. b) The friend talked to the barber and trimmed the moustache. c) The friend talked to the person and trimmed the moustache

Answer 28

A. & Context

Question 29

how does learning a word early in life impact word recognition and which factor describes this

Answer 29

Age of Acquisition The earlier a word is learning the faster it is likely to be recognized

Question 30

Summarize Forster Serial Search Model

Answer 30

– Searching is serial, meaning one word at a time – Access files ordered by form & frequency – Access files searched by bin– Access files modality specific – Access files link to a modal master files or lemmas - Cat is linked to Lemmas - Dog, mouse, whiskers – semantically related lemmas inter-linked – Strictly bottom-up processing

Question 31

Provide a downside of Serial search models for word recognition

Answer 31

Serial Search models could not account for top-down influences on word recognition.

Question 32

What Type of word Recognition Models account for both Top down and Bottom up influences

Answer 32

Interactive Activation Competition Models

Question 33

how did Seidenberg & McClelland (1989) adjust Interactive Activation Competition Models for word recognition

Answer 33

Seidenberg & McClelland (1989)added weights to the connections.Frequent words have stronger links,so activation spreads more quickly to them

Question 34

Damage to which hemisphere of the brain is more likely to result in Language Impairment.

Answer 34

the Left Hemisphere Language is largely left lateralized – Experimental evidence language perceived with right ear comprehended better than language perceived with left ear

Question 35

The Language disorder Aphasia arises from what

Answer 35

a lesion in the brain following stroke or brain injury.

Question 36

3 types of Aphasia include

Answer 36

1. Broca’s aphasia 2. Wernicke’s aphasia 3. Conduction aphasia

Question 37

The below describes which form of Aphasia patients with impaired speech but preserved comprehension Non-fluent, agrammatic, slow, effortful speech; aware of difficulty – “Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H...(his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... Found to have damage to same brain region– In front of and above the left ear

Answer 37

Broca’s aphasia discovered by Pierre Paul Broca Mid 19th c.

Question 38

The below describes which form of Aphasia Patients struggle to comprehend language. Patients produce fluent but meaningless.– “Gossiping O.K. and Lords and cricket and England and Scotland battles. I don't know.” Made-up words; unaware of their difficulty. Found to have damage to same brain region– area behind left ear

Answer 38

Wernicke’s aphasia Carl Wernicke Late 19th C.

Question 39

Describe Conduction aphasia

Answer 39

Broca’s and Wernicke’s area are both intact but the connections between them are impaired. – Comprehension preserved – Speech is fluent – Spontaneous speech impaired – Repetition impaired. – Aware of their errors

Question 40

What are some reported cognitive Advantages associated with being Bilingual

Answer 40

Constantly having to switch language sets – Which sounds are important – Which language cues can I use for segmentation – Which grammatical rules should I apply? – What can I ignore  Constant practice in selective activation,inhibition, and attention gives rise to superior executive functioning.

Question 41

provide an example of Language Relativity The language you speak influences the way you think about the world &the way you experience the world.

Answer 41

Boroditsky found that speakers of German used typically ‘feminine’ words to describe a bridge while speakers of Spanish used‘masculine’ words. – Corresponded to grammatical gender in their language