Language

Question 1

What are the aspects to language

Answer 1

regular (regulated by rules of grammar)
arbitrary (lack of resemblance b/w words and their meaning)
productive (limitless ways to combine words to describe)

Question 2

What is the sapir-whorf hypothesis

Answer 2

language influences our thoughts and the way we perceive and experience the world

Question 3

Morpheme

Answer 3

smallest unit of sound that contains info

Question 4

phoneme

Answer 4

smallest unit of sound in speech

Question 5

syntax

Answer 5

rules that govern words in a sentence that are put together (grammar)

Question 6

symantics

Answer 6

meaning of each individual word (sentences can be syntactically correct w/o and semantic meaning)

Question 7

what is the language development in infants

Answer 7

8w cooing, 16 w turns head, 6m imitates/ babbles/consonant sounds 8m complex, non random babbling
8m-6 years: language explodes

Question 8

Segmenting

Answer 8

understanding individual words iin the speech of a foreign language

Question 9

Does early proficiency at speech segmentation predict language proficiency

Answer 9

yes
infants that segment vocab will tend to have strong vocab later in life

Question 10

What is the difference between phoneme distinguishing in infants and adults

Answer 10

infants can distinguish between more phonemes than adults
children develop phonemic sensitivity based on the language they grew up with

Question 11

Uniform phoneme sensitivity

Answer 11

ability in infants to discriminate between sounds they’re tested on
- includes sounds from non-native languages
- developmental basis for phoneme discrimination early on in life

Question 12

When do children lose their ability to discriminate sounds

Answer 12

end of first year of life (10-12 months)
- adults require more practice to distinguish phonemes in new languages

Question 13

What is social learning theory

Answer 13

children learn through a combination of imitation and instrumental conditioning
- lack of early social interaction leads to an inability to develop language skills

Question 14

What is innate mechanism theory

Answer 14

humans are born with some knowledge of linguistic stricture
- better explains spontaneous and novel language errors

Question 15

What is proof for the inate mechanism theory

Answer 15

• language productivity in children too fast to be driven by social interaction done
• children make language mistakes that adults wouldn’t

Question 16

What are the language mistakes that children make

Answer 16

1. overextension: apply a rule too broadly (meaning or syntex)
   - doggie for any 4-legged animal
2. overregulation: type of overextension
   - leaned “played” uses “runned”
3. underextension: specific rule to one object only
   - “doggie” only to their specific dog

Question 17

How does the basal ganglia react to swearing

Answer 17

stimulated when you produce taboo words

Question 18

How does the amygdala react to swearing

Answer 18

stimulated when you hear taboo words

Question 19

What is euphemism

Answer 19

using nice words to describe something icky

Question 20

What is dysphemism

Answer 20

picking more crude words to make the other person feel bad

Question 21

What is emphatic swearing

Answer 21

not to hurt someone, but used for emphasis

Question 22

What is cathartic swearing

Answer 22

used to feel good
releasing emotions

Question 23

Perceptual narrowing

Answer 23

losing ability to distinguish between contrasts in sounds not used in native learning

Question 24

where and what is the brocas area

Answer 24

left frontal lobe
difficulty to production of fluent speech if damaged

Question 25

Where and what is the wenicke’s area

Answer 25

left temporal lobe
difficulty finding words to respond if damaged

Question 26

Holophrastic phase

Answer 26

use a single word to indicate the meaning of an entire sentence

Question 27

Receptive vs expreesive vocab

Answer 27

r: can understand but cant say
e: can speak

Question 28

Telegraphic speech

Answer 28

short phrases that contain only the most crucial information that are trying to communicate

Question 29

transparent orthographies

Answer 29

consistent letter to letter sound correspondence (given letter will always make the same sound)