Language

Question 1

language

Answer 1

method of human communication (written, signed, spoken) using words that are used and interpreted in a structural and conventional way

Question 2

elements of language structure

Answer 2

phonemes
morphemes
syntax
semantics

Question 3

phonemes

Answer 3

smallest unit of speech sounds

Question 4

phonemes example

Answer 4

‘th’, ‘er’, ‘ion’

Question 5

morphemes

Answer 5

smallest unit of meaning

Question 6

types of morphemes

Answer 6

function morphemes
content morphemes

Question 7

morphemes example

Answer 7

bake + er = baker
parrot + s = parrots
play + ed = played

Question 8

syntax

Answer 8

rules of ordering sentence components

Question 9

english syntax rule

Answer 9

subject-verb-object

Question 10

example of english syntax rule

Answer 10

the man pats the dog

Question 11

semantics

Answer 11

how we get the meaning of words

Question 12

phonological forms

Answer 12

how words sound

Question 12

the mental lexicon

Answer 12

a store of words which link semantics, phonological forms, orthographic forms and the syntax

Question 13

orthographic forms

Answer 13

how words look

Question 14

functions of the mental lexicon

Answer 14

lexical access – Activation of word form, syntax and semantics
lexical selection – The best matching representation is selected
lexical integration – The word is placed in the context of the full sentence

Question 15

organisational principles of the mental lexicon

Answer 15

morphemes – smallest unit of meaning
usage frequency – more frequently used words accessed easier than less frequently used words
phoneme neighbourhoods – words which differ by only one phoneme are stored closer together
semanic representations – words which are related in terms of their meaning are linked

Question 16

conceptual semantic networks - Collins & Loftus, 1975

Answer 16

words represented as nodes
nodes connected based on meaning
activation spreads to each node
closer nodes activated more than distant ones

Question 17

lexical acces

Answer 17

activation of word form, syntax and semantics

Question 18

lexical selection

Answer 18

the best matching representation is selected

Question 19

lexical integration

Answer 19

the word is placed in the context of the full sentence

Question 20

what is usage frequency as part of the mental lexicon

Answer 20

more frequently used words are accessed easier than less frequently used words in the mental lexicon

Question 21

what are phoneme neighbourhoods as part of the mental lexicon

Answer 21

words which differ by only one phoneme are stored closer together in the mental lexicon

Question 22

what are semantic representations as part of the mental lexicon

Answer 22

words which are related in terms of their meaning are linked in the mental lexicon

Question 23

definitional theory of language

Answer 23

each word is a bundle of meanings/ semantic features
words are integrated into categories which share features #
categories are organised hierarchically - e.g. animals is broken down into birds, etc

Question 24

prototype theory

Answer 24

each word is categorised by how much it resembles the prototype
central/ ideal category member - an average, is determined by the prototype
high prototypicality - close resemblance to the prototype
low prototypicality - does not resemble prototype

Question 25

what is a limitation of the prototype theory

Answer 25

difficult to determine what the prototype is, as this may differ across cultures, etc

Question 26

what is the model for speech production

Answer 26

state feedback control theory

phonemes + vocal tract = speech production

Question 27

prosody

Answer 27

conveying meaning beyond the words themselves
includes pitch, tone, rhythm and stress

Question 28

what are the two types of prosody

Answer 28

linguistic prosody
emotional prosody

Question 29

what are the models of speech recognition

Answer 29

Cohort model - Marslen & Wilson, 1975
TRACE model - McClelland & Ellman, 1986

Question 30

what is the cohort model of speech recognition (Marslen & Wilson, 1975)

Answer 30

acoustic input activates word representations sequentially
candidate words are deactivated if acoustic input is inconsistent

when you hear the first phoneme of the word, candidate endings will be activated in your brain. context can narrow the pool of candidates, but this comes later. mispronunciation of a word beginning really interferes with this model

Question 31

what is the TRACE model of speech recognition (McClelland & Ellman, 1986)

Answer 31

words are recognised based on their acoustic features, phonemes and semantics
as speech starts, feature and phoneme levels are activated, exciting matching and inhibiting non-matching representations

model has 3 levels:

Question 32

speech can be comprehended through…

Answer 32

prosody
interpretation of phonemes
visual cues