Language And Aphasias Flashcards
(37 cards)
What do pragmatic deal with?
Context
What do semantics deal with?
Meaning
What do grammar and syntax deal with?
Phrases and sentences
What does morphology deal with?
Words
What does phonology deal with ?
Phonemes
What does phonetics deal with?
Speech siunds
Describe Broca’s case of aphasia
Leborgne (1811-1861) developed epilepsy in his youth, aphasia at age 30, and right-sided weakness at age 40
- Examined by Broca during final days
- Could only say the word “tan” but comprehension was intact
- Neuropath exam: “slow and gradual dissolution of left hemisphere”
What is the role of the left hemisphere?
Left hemisphere is dominant (in 95% of right-handers and 70% of left-handers) for:
- language comprehension
- language expression
- lexicon (although there is evidence of bilateral representations)
- phonetic assembly
- phonetic procession
What is the role of the right hemisphere?
Role of the right hemisphere:
• communicative and emotional prosody (stress, timing, intonation)
– right anterior damage: wrong intonation
– right posterior damage: difficulty in
interpretation
• pragmatics of language
– damage of right hemisphere: difficulty in
construction of sentences into a story
– difficulty in understanding jokes, sarcasm
What is the Wernicke’s-Geschwind model of language?
What are the parts of the brain that utilize auditory and visual language input?
What is the pathway of spoken word?
Incoming spoken word:
auditory signal → auditory pathway → Wernicke’s area → evocation of the word’s meaning in brain areas near to Wernicke’s area
Outgoing spoken word:
thoughts → conversion to a acoustic/auditory representations via Wernicke’s area → arcuate fasciculus → Broca’s area → motor cortex
Describe language processing for reading and writing?
Reading:
input from visual cortices → fusiform (visual word form area) → Wernicke’s area → evocation of the word’s meaning in brain areas near Wernicke’s area
Writing:
visual or auditory input / thoughts or memories → conversion to an motor / visual image in Wernicke’s area (and angular gyrus) → arcuate fasciculus → Broca’s area → premotor hand area → motor output
What is lexicon ?
Lexicon – the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge
Lexical Access - The process by which the basic sound-meaning connections of language (i.e., lexical entries) are activated
At what point does aphasias cause?
What are the goals of aphasia examination?
- Characterize type of aphasia syndrome, which can inform cerebral localization of damage
- Measure level of performance across different domains to monitor change over time
- Assess strengths and weaknesses to inform therapeutic options
What are the types of aphasia examination?
Comprehension
– Spokenlanguage
– Written language
• Naming
– Visualconfrontationnaming
– Auditorynaming
– Tactile naming
• Repetition
• Expressive Speech – Fluent/nonfluent – Rhythm,prosody – Content(paraphasias?) – Articulation(dysarthria?)
• Writing
How do we classify aphasia?
To classify aphasia, it is necessary to determine whether a patient is able to:
• Understand spoken language, as evidence by accurate responses t spoken language and ability to follow spoken commands
• Read aloud accurately and with comprehension
• Consistently name common objects, presented visually, auditorily,
tactilely
- Accurately repeat spoken words, words and phrases
- Speak fluently with normal articulation and rhythm, without paraphasic syntactical or grammatical errors or usage of circumlocutory phrases
- Write legibly and grammatically
What causes Broca’s aphasia?
Damage to inferior frontal cortex (Brodmann’s areas 44 & 45)
What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?
Pronunciation speech rhythm- dysarthria, stuttering, effortful
Speech content- missed syllables, agrammatical, telegraphic
Repition of speech- abnormal, but better than spontaneous
Comprehension of spoken language- normal
Comprehension of written language- normal
Writing- clumsy, agrammatical, misspelling
Naming- better than spontaneous speech
Other- hemiplegia, apraxia
What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia?
Pronunciation- normal, fluent, loquacious
Speech content- use of wrong or nonexistent words
Repetition of speech- abnormal
Comprehension of speech- very abnormal
Comprehension of written language- abnormal but better than for spoken
Writing- penmanship ok but misspelling and inaccuracies
Naming- abnormal, wrong names (paraphasias)
Other-sometimes hemaniopia
What causes Wernicke’s aphasia?
Damage to posterior sector of left auditory association cortex (posterior superior temporal gyrus, Brodmann’s area 22)
Where does Wernicke’s Aphasia cause?
What causes Gerstmann Syndrome?
Damage to the angular gyrus, Brodmann’s area 39
Left – right confusion, acalculia,
agraphia, finger agnosia, reading deficits
