Language and Cognition Flashcards
1
Q
phonemes
A
basic speech sounds
2
Q
semantics
A
meanings of words
3
Q
syntax
A
grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences
4
Q
Language areas are _____ for word and letter recognition
A
prewired
5
Q
From birth, babies can _____ phonemes in any language
A
distinguish
6
Q
aphasia
A
impaired language ability
7
Q
aphasia that involves substitution by an incorrect, unintended word
A
paraphasia
8
Q
What type of aphasia is this:
‘The Lord is a shoving leopard’
A
Paraphasia
9
Q
What type of aphasia is this:
‘The light at end of the candle’
A
paraphasia
10
Q
What type of aphasia involves an entirely novel word
A
neologism
11
Q
What type of aphasia is The Jabberwock and example of?
A
Neologism
12
Q
Basic disorders of language can be _____ or _____
A
genetic
acquired
13
Q
Dysphasia
A
Any language disorder
14
Q
Dysarthria
A
Inability to speak clearly
15
Q
Dyspraxia
A
Inability to sequence a complex motor act
16
Q
Dysgraphia
A
inability to write
17
Q
Dyslexia
A
inability to read
18
Q
What theory attributes aphasia to language impairment from loss of connections among brain regions
A
Disconnection theory
19
Q
Disconnection theory explains _____ clinical aphasias
A
most
20
Q
What is Nonfluent (Broca’s) aphasia characterized by?
A
halting, effortful speech with relatively good comprehension.
21
Q
What is typically preserved in Nonfluent (Broca’s) aphasia?
A
Comprehension of spoken language.
22
Q
What type of words are commonly used in speech by someone with Broca’s aphasia?
A
Mostly single words, especially nouns.
23
Q
What is anomia, and how is it related to Broca’s aphasia?
A
Anomia is the inability to name people or objects, and it may co-occur with Broca’s aphasia.
24
Q
Where is Broca’s area?
A
left inferior frontal gyrus
25
What is Fluent (Wernicke’s) aphasia characterized by?
fluent but nonsensical speech, often with many paraphasias (word errors).
26
Which type of aphasia is characterized by halting speech?
Broca's
27
What is another term for Broca's aphasia
nonfluent aphasia
28
What are paraphasias, and how do they present in Wernicke’s aphasia?
Paraphasias are incorrect word substitutions or jumbled phrases, leading to "word salad" speech (e.g., “Train flogging into my question…”).
29
Can patients with Wernicke’s aphasia understand spoken or written language?
No, they typically have poor comprehension of both spoken and written language.
30
Is speech production fluent or nonfluent in Wernicke’s aphasia?
Fluent, but meaningless.
31
Which brain area is typically affected in Wernicke’s aphasia?
Wernicke’s area, located in the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus.
32
With Wernicke's aphasia, patients _____ understand what they read or hear
cannot
33
What is Global aphasia?
Broca's and Wernicke's
34
What is the key characteristic of Global aphasia?
inability to understand or produce language
35
Global aphasia is attributed to large _____-hemisphere lesions
left
36
Global aphasia affects _____ speech zones
all
37
The prognosis for Global aphasia is _____
poor
38
Which type of aphasia is attributed to impaired repetition of words only
Conduction aphasia
39
Arcuate fasciculus
axons connecting Wernicke's area to Broca's area
40
lesions of the _____ _____ cause conduction aphasia
arcuate fasciculus
41
Naming a seen object requries transfer of visual info to the _____ _____
angular gyrus
42
Lesions of the angular gyrus disconnect ______ and _____ systems
visual
auditory
43
Patients with lesions of the angular gyrus _____ speak and understand, but _____ read aloud
can
can't
44
The right hemisphere can take over language after left-hemisphere damage, if the injury occurs _____ in life
early
45
If damage occurs later in life, language control is likely to shift into bordering areas in the _____ hemisphere
left
46
Aphasia therapy that uses the fact that singing may be intact after a left hemisphere stroke
melodic intonation therapy
47
ASL uses the same brain areas as ____ language
spoken
48
Strokes in deaf people affecting Broca and Wernicke areas impairs their _____ _____
sign language
49
singers and speakers have _____ brain activation in language tasks, but singers also activate the _____ _____
similar
right hemisphere
50
Babies learn by _____ and _____ to others speak
watching and listening
51
_____ neurons are critical to develop language
critical
52
Mirror neurons are active during _____ of other's actions
imitation
53
Mirror neurons overlap _____ and _____ _____
Broca and Wernicke areas
54
Who said imitation learns his earliest lessons
Aristotle
55
What is a hemispherectomy
removal of a hemisphere
56
What are hemispherectomies used to treat?
epilepsy
57
Plasticity radically _____ later in life
diminishes
58
Hemispherectomies have a __% chance of normal functioning after procedure
60
59
If second language is learned before age 11, ____ brain regions are used for the two languages
same
60
If second language is learned after 11, ____ brain regions are used for the two languages
different
61
Dyslexia is a disorder of both _____ and _____ processing
visual
auditory
62
What are the two types of dyslexia
surface
deep
63
dyslexia that results in errors in reading restricted to details and
sounds of letters
surface
64
Which type of dyslexia causes error in auditory processing?
surface
65
Which type of dyslexia would read "pretty" as "pritty?"
surface
66
Which type of dyslexia results in errors in reading one word as another, related in meaning
deep
67
Which type of dyslexia would read "country" as "nation"
deep
68
Which type of dyslexia involves error later in auditory processing
later
69
Dyslexics have _____ cells in cortex
distorted
70
What are the types of cell distortions on the cortex of dyslexics?
Micropolygryia
ectopias
71
micropolygryia
excessive cortical folding
72
Ectopias
clusters of extra cells
73
Language is in the left hemisphere of __% of people
95
74
Is Wernicke's or Broca's aphasia more similar to dyslexia?
wernicke's
75
Dyslexic brains use more of the _____ hemisphere to read
right
76
Why do dyslexics use more of the right hemisphere to read?
problems on the left
77
Dyslexia ____ with training
improves
78
When dyslexic children practice reading, fMRIs show increased activity in the _____ _____
angular gyrus
79
Which hemisphere is involved in words and letters
left
80
Which hemisphere is involved in language sounds
left
81
Which hemisphere is involved in verbal memory
left
82
Which hemisphere is involved in speech
left
83
Which hemisphere is involved in grammar rules
left
84
Which hemisphere is involved in reading
left
85
Which hemisphere is involved in writing
left
86
Which hemisphere is involved in arithmetic
left
87
Which hemisphere is involved in understanding building blocks of math
left
88
Which hemisphere is involved in geometric patterns
right
89
Which hemisphere is involved in faces
right
90
Which hemisphere is involved in emotional expression
right
91
Which hemisphere is involved in nonlanguage sounds
right
92
Which hemisphere is involved in music
right
93
Which hemisphere is involved in nonverbal memory
right
94
Which hemisphere is involved in emotional tone of speech
right
95
Which hemisphere is involved in geometry
right
96
Which hemisphere is involved in sense of direction
right
97
Which hemisphere is involved in distance
right
98
Which hemisphere is involved in mental rotation of shapes
right
99
Which hemisphere is involved in manipulating building blocks of math
right
100
people who don't understand sarcasm are lacking in the _____ hemisphere
right
101
when the word and emotion do not match
sarcasm
102
Procedure that allows each hemisphere to act independently
corpus callostomy
103
Corpus callostom
connects left and right hemispheres
104
Hemisphere's of split brain patiens work _____
independently
105
In split brain patients, the left hemisphere can _____ what it sees
tell
106
In split brain patients, the right hemisphere can _____ what it sees
show
107
When a normal individual covers their right eye and is shown a key in the left visual field, they (can/cannot) identify it
can
108
When a split-brain individual covers their right eye and is shown a key in the left visual field, they (can/cannot) identify it
cannot
109
When a split-brain individual covers their right eye and is shown a key in the right visual field, they (can/cannot) identify it
can
110
When a split brain patient covers their right eye and is shown an object in the left visual field, they (can/cannot) identify it, and (can/cannot) show how to use it
cannot
can
111
Hemisphere's of split-brain patients work ______
independently
112
In split brain patients, the right visual field is associated with the _____ brain
left
113
In split brain patients, the left visual field is associated with the _____ brain
right
114
When split brain patients are presented a picture to the right visual field with their right eye covered:
_____ hemisphere cant tell you what it is
_____ hand can show you, but ____ hand cannot
left
right
left
115
When split brain patients are presented a picture to the left visual field with their right eye covered:
Subjects (do/don't) know what it is
_____ hand can show you what it is, but _____ hand cannot
don't
left
right
116
_____ testing presents different sounds to each ear at _____ or _____ time
dichotic
different
same
117
Dichotic listening presents _____ sounds to each ear at different or the same time
different
118
right-ear advantage in dichotic listening
right-handers identify verbal stimuli delivered to right ear more easily
119
Do some left-handers have left-ear advantage in dichotic listening?
yes
120
Some left handers have language in their _____ hemisphere
right
121
Injection of amobarbital into carotid artery briefly _____ that hemisphere
sedates
122
Right hander have language in the left hemisphere __% of the time
95
123
Left handers:
__% left lateralization (language on left side)
__% right
__% mixed
70
15
15
124
What does the Wada test do?
Sedate one hemisphere of the brain
125
The Planum temporale is generally _____ on the left
larger
126
What does the Planum Temporale being larger on the left reflect
innate verbal specialization of left hemisphere
127
Asymmetry in Planum Temporale size is present by week __ in gestation
30
128
What does it mean for asymmetry in Planum Temporale to appear in fetuses?
The difference is genetic and not caused by the environment
129
Auditory areas of the _____ hemisphere play the major role in perceiving music
right
130
Musical perception is impaired by damage to the ______ hemisphere
right
131
simple tones and perfect pitch involve the ______ hemisphere
left
132
Music activates the _____ hemisphere more than the ____
right
left
133
musicians with perfect pitch have a _____ planum temporale on the left hemisphere than nonmusicians
larger
134
two functional types of cortex
primary
association
135
Which type of cortex evolves first
primary
136
first cortex processing sensory input or motor output
Primary cortex
137
Multi-modal cortex
Association cortex
138
Which functional type of cortex includes the PFC
Association
139
Which type of functional cortex identifies
primary
140
Which type of functional cortex decides what to do
association
141
What lobe is the motor cortex
frontal
142
what lobe is the premotor cortex
frontal
143
what lobe is the prefrontal cortex
frontal
144
What are the two categories of prefrontal cortex
dorsolateral
orbitofrontal
145
Which functional zone of the cortex are the premotor, motor, and prefrontal cortices?
association
146
The frontal lobe is comprised of everything in front of the _____ _____
central sulcus
147
What was the damage done to Phineas Gage's brain
Orbitofrontal cortex bilaterally
148
unilateral injuries are usually _____
survivable
149
bilateral injuries damage _____ _____
both hemispheres
150
Damage to both hemispheres is typically _____
fatal
151
after his accident, Phineas Gage reverted to a _____ _____ _____
5 year old
152
Prefrontal lesions cause perseverative _____
errors
153
Prefrontal lesions cause failures of _____
planning
154
Prefrontal lesions cause _____ pain reactivity
reduced
155
Prefrontal lesions cause _____ social behavior
inappropriate
156
Prefrontal lesions cause _____/_____ problems
attention
memory
157
Prefrontal lesions cause _____ change in IQ score
little
158
After his accident, Phineas Gage struggled with situations that conflicted with his _____
desires
159
Dorsolateral lesions cause poor _____ and _____-_____
judgment
self-care
160
Dorsolateral lesions cause motor _____ problems
programming
161
Orbitofrontal lesions cause _____ dependence
environmental
162
Orbitofrontal lesions cause _____ social insight
poor
163
Orbitofrontal lesions cause _____ lability
emotional
164
Most bizzare lobe of the human brain
parietal lobe
165
what lobe is phantom limb syndrome attributed to?
parietal
166
what lobe is Stockholm syndrome attributed to?
parietal
167
parietal lobe injuries produce _____ impairments
weird
168
The parietal lobe _____ all three other lobes
touches
169
Which lobe determines how information from senses relate to each other
parietal
170
What lobe causes agnosia
parietal
171
Individuals with associative agnosia _____ draw but _____ name
can
cannot
172
Individuals with apperceptive agnosia ____ draw but ____ name
cannot
can
173
associative agnosia is caused by damage to the _____ _____ _____
posterior parietal cortex
174
Individuals with associative agnosia can only name objects by _____
touch
175
Apperceptive agnosia is caused by damage to the _____ ____ and _____ areas
occipital lobes
surrounding
176
Prosopagnosia
people fail to recognize familiar faces
177
estimated 1 in __ Americans have prosopagnosia
50
178
Which celebrity has prosopagnosia
Brad Pitt
179
What type of damage causes prosopagnosia
bilateral damage to fusiform gyrus
180
What movie depicted a parietal lobe stroke
awakening
181
What hemisphere causes alien limb syndrome
right
182
Who wrote the Man who Fell Out of Bed
Oliver Sacks
183
What did the Man who fell out of the bed depict
alien limb syndrome
184
Anorexia is a _____ hemisphere _____ lobe disfunction
right
parietal
185
What happened in the man who fell out of bed
man wakes up and finds another leg in his bed, except it's attached to his body and his true leg has disappeared
186
Damage to the _____ lobe can result in neglect of the ____ side of the body and of space
parietal
left
187
Hemispatial neglect takes place on the _____ side __% of the time
left
95
188
What are the two types of hemi spatial neglect
partial
complete
189
What lobe is attributed to body integrity disorder
parietal lobe
190
persistent and intense desire to have a healthy limb or body part amputated or paralyzed
body integrity disorder
191
What was the example given of body integrity disorder
Man packed dry ice onto leg to require amputation
repeated with other leg
192
Do people with body integrity disorder have schizophrenia?
no
193
neologists
use made up words
194
In neologists, correct words are typically _____ _____ _____
commonly used words
195
What type of aphasia does someone who cannot say "no ifs, ands, or buts"
*EXAM QUESTION*
Broca's
