Language And Gender

Question 1

Androcentric

Answer 1

Centred on, emphasising, or dominated by males or masculine interests: an androcentric society; an androcentric religion

Question 2

Covert Prestige

Answer 2

Status and prestige gained from using a non-standard variety of English.

Question 3

Gender

Answer 3

Behavioural characteristics brought by a socialisation process and cultural influences.

Question 4

Gender Exclusive Language

Answer 4

When the male pronoun is applied to an unspecified individual.

Question 5

Gender Inclusive Language

Answer 5

When both male and female pronoun are used to an unspecified individual. (Eg “if anyone would like to apply, he or she may do so inside”)

Question 6

Genderlect

Answer 6

The particular language used by men and women according to their gender.

Question 7

Gender-neutral terms

Answer 7

Words or phrases that avoid bias towards a particular gender.

Question 8

Gender Paradox

Answer 8

The phenomenon that women use more prestigious standard forms of English than men but that they also lead language change by adopting new forms of everyday English.

Question 9

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 9

Behaviours and language associated with the idealised male group that is seen as having the most power and status in society.

Question 10

To hold the conversational floor

Answer 10

To speak until the speaker is either finished with what they have to say or are interrupted.

Question 11

Hypercorrection

Answer 11

The use of higher-status variants in formal styles by lower-status groups in a linguistics community, more frequently than the higher status group.

Question 12

Lexical Asymmetry

Answer 12

A power imbalance between two apparently matched terms.

Question 13

Linguistic Determination

Answer 13

Representation of gender creates stereotypes.

Question 14

Linguistic Reflectionism

Answer 14

Representations of gender reflect stereotypes.

Question 15

(a) Karen

Answer 15

A pejorative slang term for an obnoxious, angry, entitled, and often racist middle-aged white woman who uses her privilege to get her way or police other people’s behaviours.

Question 16

Marked Terms

Answer 16

The non-standard form of a term, often shown by an additional suffix.

Question 17

Material Verb Process

Answer 17

Verbs associated with actions and doing.

Question 18

Mental Verb Process

Answer 18

Verbs associated with thinking and feeling or perception.

Question 19

Overt Marking

Answer 19

Marking a word through a modifier or affix.

Question 20

Overt Prestige

Answer 20

Status and prestige gained by speakers using the “standard” or “correct” way of speaking.

Question 21

Performativity

Answer 21

The ability to use speech and other methods of communication to construct or perform an identity.

Question 22

Reclamation

Answer 22

The cultural process of removing negative associations with a particular term that has been used by a dominant group against a specific, less powerful social group.

Question 23

Sex

Answer 23

The biological difference between men and women.

Question 24

Social Constructivism

Answer 24

When importance is placed on social interaction as constructing identity and people coming together to form a shared construction of the world.

Question 25

Unmarked Terms

Answer 25

The regular or usual form of the term.

Question 26

Uptalk

Answer 26

Where declarative statements end in a raising intonation.

Question 27

Vocal Fry

Answer 27

A vocal effect produced by slow vibration of the vocal chords; characterised by a creaking sound or low pitch.

Question 28

Valley Girl

Answer 28

The colloquial dialect associated with Californian English, specifically the stereotype of adolescent or younger women who use this.