Language and thought

Question 1

Phonemes are

Answer 1

the smallest speech units in a a language that can be distinguished. (sounds)

Question 2

Morphemes are

Answer 2

the smallest units of meaning in a language

Question 3

Semantics is

Answer 3

the meaning of words & word combinations/ how they’re interpreted

Question 4

Language development at 6 months

Answer 4

babbling resembles surrounding language

Question 5

Language development at 1 year

Answer 5

1st word

Question 6

Children acquire receptive language before

Answer 6

expressive language (understand what you say before they can speak)

Question 7

Language development at 18-24 months

Answer 7

Vocabulary spurt- fast mapping: children can learn word after 1 exposure

Question 8

Over extension

Answer 8

applying a word broadly to a concept

Question 9

Language has a ____ structure

Answer 9

hierarchical

Question 10

Example of semantics

Answer 10

(“do the dishes” interpreted as do them later when mother means “do dishes now”)

Question 11

Example of over extension

Answer 11

When a child refers to all animals as “doggie”

Question 12

Syntax

Answer 12

a system of rules for arranging words into sentences

Question 13

Under extension

Answer 13

child incorrectly uses word to describe narrower set of objects (thinking the word “dog” only refers to family pet dog)

Question 14

At what year do children combine words into sentence + ex. of telegraphic speech:

Answer 14

At 3 years + “I hungry”

Question 15

At end of child’s 3rd yr overregularizations occur- when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized. Give example:

Answer 15

“I hitted the ball”
“he goed to school”

Question 16

What is metalinguistic awareness?

Answer 16

Ability to distance from content of speech to reflect and change structure of language (ex: self-reflection on written paper)

Question 17

What is this an example of? “he goed to school”

Answer 17

Overregularization

Question 18

Are bilingual/monolingual children similar in course & rate of language development?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

Behaviourist theory:
-who theorized it?
-what is it?

Answer 19

-Skinner
-children learn language the same way as everything else: imitation

Question 20

Nativist theory:
-who theorized it?
-what is it?

Answer 20

-chomsky
- humans have inborn or “native” propensity
Humans have a “language acquisition device”

Question 21

Interactionist theory:
___ & ___ contribute to development of language/ ____ exchanges with parents & others

Answer 21

Biology & experience

Social exchanges with parents

Question 22

What is linguistic relativity

Answer 22

our language determines our thought

Question 23

What are probelems of inducing structure?

Answer 23

Require people to discover relationships among numbers, symbols, ideas

Question 24

Problems of arrangement require:

Answer 24

people to arrange the parts of a problem in a certain way

Question 25

The sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts

Answer 25

Insight!

Question 26

Example of problem of transformation:

Answer 26

Moving things from one riverbank to another with set of constraints

Question 27

The tendency to percieve an item only in terms of common use

Answer 27

Functional fixedness

Question 28

When people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

Answer 28

Mental set

Question 29

What heuristic is this? Trying possible solutions and discarding those that don't work

Answer 29

Trial and error

Question 30

What is a heuristic?

Answer 30

Guiding principle used in solving problems or making decisions (shortcuts)

Question 31

Forming subgoals

Answer 31

Intermediate steps to a solution

Question 32

Changing the representation of the problem would be changing it to ___, ____, ____

Answer 32

numbers, verbal, flow chart

Question 33

What's an incubation effect?

Answer 33

It occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem

Question 34

What's the additive strategy

Answer 34

Listing attributes and variables influencing decision

Question 35

What is this an example of? Eliminating alternatives by evaluating them on each attribute

Answer 35

Eliminination by aspects

Question 36

Natural shortcuts people use in probabilities are:

Answer 36

Heuristics

Question 37

Basing estimated probability of event on ease with relevent instances in mind (based on available info) is:

Answer 37

Availability heuristic

Question 38

Basing the estimated probability of event on how similar it's to typical prototype

Answer 38

Representativeness heuristic (stereotype)

Question 39

Example of people ignoring base rates:

Answer 39

Not considering what most people can do (inflating driving ability when it's probably average and deflating unicycle riding when it's also probably average)

Question 40

Belief that odds of chance event increase if event hasn't occured recently

Answer 40

Gambler's fallacy