Language Grammar Terms Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Give the definition and an example of a common noun
A
Common nouns are words used to name general items rather than specific ones. E.g. “You broke my FAVOURITE mug” or “I want a new pair of JEANS”
2
Q
Give the definition and an example of a proper noun
A
They are the names of individual people, places, titles, calendar times etc. E.g. London, Charlotte
3
Q
Give the definition and an example of a abstract noun
A
Refers to states, events, concepts, feelings, qualities etc. That have no physical existence e.g. Freedom, love & happiness
4
Q
Give the definition and an example of a collective noun
A
Refers to a group of people, animals, or objects as a group; family; company. e.g. Pride, group.
5
Q
Give the definition and an example of a concrete noun
A
Refers to objects and substances, including people and animals, that exist physically. E.g. Clocks
6
Q
How to form the plural of a regular noun?
A
Regular nouns add -s to form the PLURAL although many nouns are irregular
7
Q
Give the definition of pronouns
A
Pronouns help us to avoid repetition. They can take the place of nouns
8
Q
What are the personal subject pronouns?
A
First person singular - I Second person singular - You Third person singular - He/She/It First person plural - We Second person plural - You Third person plural - They
9
Q
What are the personal object pronouns?
A
First person singular - Me Second person singular - You Third person singular - Him/Her/It First person plural - Us Second person plural - You Third person plural - Them
10
Q
What are the possessive pronouns?
A
First person singular - Mine Second person singular - Yours Third person singular - His/Hers First person plural - Ours Second person plural - Yours Third person plural - Theirs
11
Q
What are the reflexive pronouns?
A
First person singular - Myself Second person singular - Yourself Third person singular - Himself/Herself/Itself First person plural - Ourselves Second person plural - Yourselves Third person plural - Themselves
12
Q
What is a noun?
A
Nouns are the name of all many things, places, feelings thoughts, qualities, people and animals that make up our experience of the world.
13
Q
What are the five main categories of nouns?
A
- Common Nouns
- Proper Nouns
- Abstract Nouns
- Collective Nouns
- Concrete Nouns
14
Q
What is a demonstrative pronoun?
A
They are used to indicate the relationship between the speaker and a person or thing. They are said to have a DEICTIC function.
15
Q
What are demonstrative pronouns?
A
- This
- These
- That
- Those
16
Q
What is are interrogative pronoun?
A
These are used to ask question
17
Q
What are the interrogative pronouns
A
- What
- Which
- Who
- Whom
- Whose
18
Q
What are relative pronouns?
A
These follow directly the noun they describe e.g. The man WHO has black hair. They introduce relative clauses.
19
Q
What are the relative pronouns?
A
- That
- Which
- Who
- Whom
- Whose
20
Q
What are indefinite pronouns?
A
These are always followed by an object pronoun e.g. I want all of them.
21
Q
What are the indefinite pronouns?
A
- All of
- Both of
- Each of
- Neither of
- Some of
22
Q
What are the compound pronouns?
A
- Every
- Some
- Any
- No
+++++++ PLUS -thing / -one / -body
23
Q
What are determiners?
A
Determiners precede nouns
24
Q
What is the definite article?
A
THE
25
What is the indefinite article?
A / AN
26
What are possessive determiners?
These are used to suggest ownership of a noun.
27
What are the possessive determiners?
- My
- Your
- His
- Her
- Its
- Ours
- Theirs
28
What are Numbers?
If numbers precede a noun, they are functioning as determiners
29
What are the cardinal numbers?
one, two, three...
30
What are the ordinal numbers?
first, second, third...
31
What are demonstrative determiners?
These express a contrast, establishing either a close of more distant relationship
32
Give examples of demonstrative determiners?
- THIS week is going slowly
| - The girl said she wanted THESE things kept aside for her
33
What are the most common indefinite determiners?
- all
- no
- either
- another
- enough
- some
- every
- neither
- both
- many
- most
- few
- least
- little
- most
- any
- each
- one
- several
- more
34
What are adjectives?
Adjectives are words used to describe a noun or a pronoun - they offer more information
35
What are attributive adjectives?
Adjectives that come before the noun e.g. The GREEN grass
36
What are predicative adjectives?
Adjectives that come after the noun e.g. The grass is GREEN
37
What are the forms of adjectives that can be graded so that nouns can be compared?
Comparative and Superlative
38
Give an example of comparative and superlative?
Longer - Longest
Happier - Happiest
Better - Best
More Fortunate - Most fortunate
39
What are adverbs?
Adverbs are modifying words - they offer more information about verbs.
40
What can adverbs modify?
Verbs - The car drove SLOWLY
Adjectives - The house was VERY large
Other Adverbs - The painting was done PARTICULARLY carefully
Sentences - CERTAINLY, the work will be completed on time.
41
What are circumstance adverbs (or adjuncts)?
They modify verbs, giving details of circumstances like time (when?), manner (how?), frequency (how often?) and place (where?)
42
What are degree adverbs (or modifiers)?
These modify adjectives or adverbs e.g. very, really, so
43
What are sentence adverbs?
These modify a whole sentence e.g. firstly, however, perhaps, surely
44
Can adverbs take comparative and superlative forms like adjectives?
YES!!
45
What are prepositions?
These little words describe the relationships that exist between elements in sentences.
46
What are prepositions of place?
At, on, by, opposite
47
What are prepositions of direction?
towards, past, out of, to, through
48
What are prepositions of source?
from, out of
49
What are prepositions of comparison?
As.... as, like
50
What are prepositions of purpose?
for
51
What are prepositions of time?
At, before, in, on
52
What are prepositions of direction?
Towards, past, out of, to, through
53
What are interjections?
interjections are singe words or phrases that express some sudden emotion.
54
Give some examples of interjections?
Phew! Help! Wow! Never! Oh! Well!
55
What are conjunctions?
Conjunctions are joining words
56
What are Co-ordinating conjunctions?
These join units of equal value e.g the girl AND the boy
57
What are Subordinating Conjunctions?
These join a subordinate clause to a main clause
58
What are conjunctions of time?
When(ever) , while, as, before, until, after, since, once, when
59
What are conjunctions of place?
where, wherever
60
What are purpose conjunctions?
So that, in order that
61
What are reason conjunctions?
Because, as, since
62
What are condition conjunctions?
If, unless
63
What are contrast conjunctions?
Although, while, whereas
64
What are comparison conjunctions?
as, than, like, as if, as though
65
What are verbs?
Verbs are words that can express actions and states
66
What are stative verbs?
These express states in which there is no obvious action e.g. to know, to believe, to suppose
67
What are dynamic verbs?
These express a wide range of actions which might be physical (to jump), mental (to think) or perceptual (to see)
68
What are Transitive Verbs?
They have to be followed by an OBJECT in oder to complete their meaning. The object of the verb is the person or thing to which the verb is done. Without the object the meaning of the sentence would not be complete.
69
What are intransitive verbs?
These don't need to be followed by an object to make sense. e.g. we laughed.
70
Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive
e.g. i was reading / i was reading a novel
71
What are the four different verb forms for REGULAR verbs?
```
Base Form (normal form) = Walk
Infinitive (to + base form) = To Walk
Third Person Singular Present Tense = Walks
Past tense and past participle = Walked
Present Participle = Walking
```
72
What are the two min types of verbs?
1. Lexical
| 2. Auxiliary
73
What are Lexical verbs?
These express the meaning in a verb phrase. e.g. Ran, jumped, sang
74
What are auxiliary verbs?
These offer additional information. The PRIMARY verbs (to do, to have, to be) can act as auxiliaries e.g. I have gone, I did not go
75
Modal verbs can also act as auxiliaries. What are modal verbs?
They convey a range of moods and attitudes e.g. Can/Could , May/Might , Shall/Should, Will/Would , Must
76
What are the two verb voices?
1. Active voice
| 2. Passive voice
77
What is the active voice?
It expresses the action of the verb and directly links it to the person or thing carrying out the action. e.g. the care stopped, the girl picked up the bag.
78
What is the passive voice?
It changes the focus of the sentence by reordering it. E.g. Active = The girl hit the ball Passive = The ball was hit (by the girl)
79
Give an example of the simple present tense
I walk
80
Give an example of the Present continuous/progressive tense
I am walking
81
Give an example of the Past tense
I walked
82
Give an example of the Past continuous/progressive tense
I was walking
83
Give an example of the Present perfect tense
I have walked
84
Give an example of the Past perfect tense
I had walked
85
Give an example of the future tense
I will walk
86
Give an example of the Conditional tense
I would walk
87
What are participles?
The part of the verb that ends in -ing, -ed, -en, -t, -d
88
What are finite verbs and give an example?
Finite verb change their form. E.g. She lives - She lived | He eats - they eat | I am - you are
89
What are non-finite verbs and give an example?
Non-finite verbs never change their form. E.g. Living, to live (infinitive), live (base form), lived (past participle)
90
What are phrases?
A phrase is a word or group of words that form a unit but it does not usually contain a finite verb. They have no subject and no finite verb and therefore they do not make sense on their own.
91
Give an example of a phrase
For seven years/on the roof
92
What are clauses?
These are main structures used to compose sentences.
93
What are main clauses?
This is a clause that makes sense on its own and that is not dependent on or part of another clause.
94
What are Subordinate clauses?
This is a clause that cannot stand on its own and is dependent on the main clause. By itself it cannot be a sentence.
95
What are the three types of subordinate clause?
1. Adjectival
2. Adverbial
3. Noun
96
What are Adjectival Clauses?
They must have a finite verb and describe a noun, pronoun or noun equivalent. They are often joined to the main clause by relative pronouns - although the relative pronoun is sometimes omitted. They are sometimes linked to the main clause by conjunctions.
97
What are Adverbial Clauses?
Another form of subordinate clause
Dependent on the main clause of the sentence
Qualify the meaning of the verb in the main clause.
98
The different types of adverbial clauses
- Time
- Place
- Reason
- Manner
- Comparison
- Purpose
- Result
- Condition
- Concession
99
What are noun clauses?
They perform the function of a noun but as a subordinate clause to the main clause of the sentence. Noun clauses are often introduced by te conjunctions 'that' or 'what' although this is sometimes omitted.
100
How to recognise a noun clause?
One useful way of recognising a noun clause is by asking yourself whether 'something' could replace the noun clause and still male sense.
101
What are sentences?
A sentence is a grammatical construction that makes sense on its own.
102
What is a simple sentence?
Has one finite verb
Has one subject
Makes one Statement
Consists of one main clause
103
What is a compound sentence?
Consists of two main clauses
Each clause is of equal importance and each has a subject and a finite verb
The clauses are joined by the conjunctions 'and', 'or', 'nor', 'but', 'yet'.
104
What are multiple sentences?
A multiple sentence consists of three or more simple sentences
105
What are complex sentences?
They do not have clauses of equal value
| Have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
106
What is a declarative sentence mood?
The declarative mood is used for making statements
107
What is an imperative sentence mood?
The imperative mood is used for addressing commands or orders
108
What is an interrogative sentence mood?
The interrogative mood is used for addressing questions
