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Phonology/Language > Language Impairment and Delay > Flashcards

Language Impairment and Delay Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the domains of language that can be affected by Language Impairment?

A 
pragmatics - use
phonology - form
syntax - form
morphology - form
semantics - content
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2
Q

What parts of language are mostly affected in children?

A

syntax and morphology

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3
Q

children with language impairment may have difficulty:

A

communicating
developing positive relationships with others
academic learning
acquiring literacy

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4
Q

What do we know about language disorders?

A
  • may be a difference in expressive and receptive language
  • deviance in one or more language domains (might have uneven profiles with syntax and morphology being more impaired, for example)
  • little chance of curing
  • implies something is wrong inside the child
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5
Q

What is “Developmental language disorder”?

A
  • Different name for SLI
  • excludes acquired LI
  • we don’t know what’s causing the impairment; everything else seems fine
  • most common language impairment
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6
Q

What is language delay?

A

-implies only slower than expected language learning, not an impairment (there could be an impairment)
-language milestones not met at expected CA
-May imply a child could catch up
-not necessarily anything wrong with language system
could have a flatter profile with the semantic domain being more delayed

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7
Q

What is SELD?

A
  • Slow Expressive Language Development
  • Refers to only expressive modality
  • Implies delay; is silent on point of impairment
  • only children 3 or younger
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8
Q

What is ELD?

A
  • Early Language Delay
  • Same as SELD, but not restricted to expressive language
  • limited to delay; silent on impairment
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9
Q

What is developmental dysphasia?

A

an old fashioned term for SLI

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10
Q

What are some conditions associated with language impairment?

A
  • Intellectual Disability
  • Hearing impairment
  • Acquired brain injury in childhood
  • Autism
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11
Q

What do we know about the language of a child with ID?

A

They will have at least a language delay (if not an impairment)

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12
Q

How can a hearing impairment affect language?

A
  • If severe enough, typically will cause delay

- SNHL will frequently lead to language impairment

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13
Q

What are some factors that determine how HL may affect language?

A
  • how soon was intervention started?
  • to what extent is the delay permanent?
  • does hearing level fluctuate?
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14
Q

What aspects of TBI can help us know what kind of language delay we might expect?

A

locus of the damage

extent of the injury

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15
Q

What are some of the causes of language impairment?

A
  • genetic disorders
  • neurological deficit
  • sensory deficit
  • extreme environmental deprivation
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16
Q

What do we know about SLI and genetics?

A

SLI is now believed to have a genetic base to it. Can be inherited… but might not be.
There’s a very high rate of identical twins both having an SLI

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17
Q

What can affect your neurological development?

A

toxins and genetics…

(therefore neurological deficit and genetic disorders can be related

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18
Q

How might congenital blindness contribute to LI?

A

impairments in the brain aren’t usually localized. Whatever causes blindness may also cause LI

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19
Q

Why might congenital blindness affect language in a child (although not necessarily cause an impairment)?

A
  • lack of sight leaves children unable to observe pragmatic behaviors
  • Some words that are based on visual metaphor might escape a blind child
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20
Q

If you have a blind child that’s age appropriate in syntax and morphology they’re probably..

A

delayed, not impaired

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21
Q

What are the criteria for having SLI? (6)

A
  • normal intelligence
  • no hearing loss
  • not emotionally/behaviorally disturbed
  • not neurogically involved
  • no severe environmental deprivation
  • language less than 10th percentile (-1.25 SD)
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22
Q

What is the prevalence of SLI?

A

7%

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23
Q

What are the risk factors for SLI?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • SELD
  • mother’s education level
  • social communication
  • phonological structure and composition (simplified syllable structure, fewer phonemes overall)
  • family history/genetics
24
Q

50% of SELD toddlers get diagnosed with SLI… what happens to the rest?

Study These Flashcards
A

They perform within the normal limits, but usually worse than their peers still; did fine on normed tests but couldn’t really do narratives still

25
What tips us off that a toddler might have SELD?
-no evidence of vocabulary spurt between 18 and 24 months; expressive vocabulary of fewer than 50 words; no two word combinations at around 2 years
26
What is most affected in children with SLI (in English)?
verb morphology
27
What is the language of an SLI kid like?
- verb morphology affected - syntax simpler than normal language peers - high level abstract semantics affected - pragmatics affected - phonology may or may not be affected - comprehension affected - discourse problems - matthew effect - literacy impacted
28
What is the matthew effect, and how does it relate to SLI kids? How does it affect clinicians?
language poor get poorer - once school starts to get harder, SLI kids fall farther and farther behind; clinicians need to try and minimize this early on
29
Why do kids with SLI struggle so much in school?
- struggle with narrative - struggle with decontextualized language - struggle with discliplinary language (have trouble code switching)
30
Why might SLI kids be isolated?
- pragmatics affected - social failure leads to further isolation and more "weird" behavior - bad at code switching - makes them weird, also makes them seem rebellious to authority
31
What are some of the clinical markers for language impairment (as opposed to delay)
- nonword repetition - verb tense morphology - new word learning rate (in summary: language processing, language learning ability, language knowledge)
32
What is the difference between SLI and Learning Disabled?
LD is an educational term... SLI is something only used by SLPs
33
When do we find SLI kids, usually?
- parents bring them in when their vocabulary is low? | - when they start to fail in school
34
What is a learning disability?
there's nothing wrong with them, except they're bad in school... a lot like SLI
35
How many LD kids have SLI, IF they're tested for lanuage?
50-90%
36
What are the criteria for NLI?
- language below -1.25 SD | - IQ between -2 and -1 SDs (not normal, but not ID)
37
What are the criteria for dyslexia?
``` DYSLEXIA DOESN'T ACTUALLY IMPLY ANYTHING it's just a reading disorder -normal intelligence -no sensory issues -no emotional disturbance -no environmental deprivation ```
38
Who usually has dyslexia?
SLI kids
39
Lexicon is critical to developing...
a sight vocabulary
40
What are the three steps to learning we talked about in class?
- surface whole-word reading (sight reading - associate with words in auditory/mental vocabulary) - Learn deep phonological decoding (sound out) - Abandon sounding out and use sight reading... fluency and speed
41
How can you help kid learn to read if they're struggling?
- use more of a scanning approach... by the time they get to the end of a sentence, they've forgotten the beginning. - teach them strategies like using glossaries and section headings if they don't understand
42
What are the criteria for ADHD?
- inattention - difficulty organizing, forgetful, makes careless mistakes in school - hyperactivity - fidgets, impulsive, interrupts others, talks excessively
43
why do a lot of SLI kids get diagnosed with ADHD?
because they don't understand what's going on in school, so they don't pay attention
44
What are the two types of phonological processing disorders?
- speech sound disorder (difficulty with pronunciation - artic) - Poor processing of sounds (leads to poor readers, poor spelling, poor word retrieval, low nonword repetition)
45
What is CAPD?
- have trouble paying attention to and remembering information presented orally - have problems carrying out multistep directions - have poor listening skills - need more time to process information - low academic performance - behavior problems - difficulty with language - difficulty with reading, comprehension, spelling, vocab
46
Why is a CAPD diagnosis problematic?
we test non-speech stimuli to test first, so we assume that the CAPD causes the language disorder... but we don't actually know which causes which
47
What does learning to read require?
- metalinguistics skills - basic language skills - phonological processing skills
48
How are semantics impacted in language impairment?
- word meanings (underdeveloped lexicon - certain categories may be undeveloped, especially abstract words), bad at inferential discourse - metaphors, ambiguous sentences, idioms, proverbs - word retrieval (uses circumlocution, ummmm, naming difficulty)
49
How are syntax and morphology impacted in language impairment?
- verb morphology problems - slower growth rate of MLU - T/C units are shorter?
50
What are t units? C units?
T unit - one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (there was a woman next door who was old) C unit - same except permits elliptical responses (responses to questions)
51
What kind of relative clauses do SLI kids have trouble with?
adjectival? (LOOK THIS UP)
52
How is discourse impacted in kids with LI?
-narrative differences (shorter narratives with fewer episodes, less complicated and less complex (may just be a listing of events), fewer emotional states discussed, poor reference, topic maintenance, and event sequencing, more repairs and abandoned utterances
53
How are pragmatics affected in language impairment?
- poor topic management - poor repair strategies - isolated, fewer friends - poor code switching
54
How are repair strategies affected in children with LI?
- don't really have them - can't rephrase, can only repeat - they may not know that they don't understand, or that they should do something if they don't understand - not good at monitoring comprehension - two repair strategies: imitation (earlier developing skill, usually used by language kids) and modification (fairly sophisticated; kids with language might not be able to do)
55
How is phonology affected in kids with LI?
- poor phonological decoding - poor phonological memory - some may have minor articulation difficulties

Phonology/Language (4 decks)

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