Language Of Anatomy Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Axial
A
Relating to the head neck and truck, the axis of the body.
2
Q
Appendicular
A
Relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis
3
Q
Anatomical position
A
Body is erect with feet slightly apart head and toes pointed forward and arms hanging at all sides with palms facing forward
4
Q
Acromial
A
Point of the shoulder
5
Q
Brachial
A
Arms
6
Q
Calcaneal
A
Heel of the foot
7
Q
Cephalic
A
Head
8
Q
Dorsal
A
Back
9
Q
Femoral
A
Thigh
10
Q
Gluteal
A
Buttocks or rump
11
Q
Lumbar
A
Area of the back between the ribs and hips;the loin
12
Q
Manus
A
Hand
13
Q
Occipital
A
Posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
14
Q
Olecranal
A
Posterior aspect of the elbow
15
Q
Otic
A
Ear
16
Q
Pedal
A
Foot
17
Q
Perineal
A
Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
18
Q
Plantar
A
Sole of the foot
19
Q
Popliteal
A
Back of the knee
20
Q
Scapular
A
Scapula or shoulder blade area
21
Q
Sural
A
Calf or posterior surface of the leg
22
Q
Vertebral
A
Area of the spinal column
23
Q
Pubic
A
Genital region
24
Q
Sternal
A
Region of the breastbone
25
Tarsal
Ankle
26
Thoracic
Chest
27
Umbilical
Navel
28
Abdominal
Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
29
Acromial
Point of the shoulder
30
Antebrachial
Forearm
31
Antecubital
Anterior surface of the elbow
32
Axillary
Armpit
33
Coxal
Hip
34
Digital
Fingers and toes
35
Inguinal
Groin area
36
Pollex
Thumb
37
Pedal
Foot
38
Patellar
Knee
39
Mammary
Breast region
40
Sagittal plane
Plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts referred to as a Sagittarius plane.
41
Midsagittal or medial plane
A plane that divides the body to equal parts right down the middle of the body
42
Frontal plane or coronal plane
Longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts
43
Transverse plans
Runs horizontally dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
44
Cephalad
Toward the head/superior
45
Dorsal/ventral
Backside
46
Proximal/distal
Nearer the trunk or attached end
47
Superficial or external/drop
Toward or at the body surface
48
Dorsal body cavity
Can be subdivided into two cavities/ the cranial cavity which contains the brain and the vertebral cavity which contains the delicate spinal cord
49
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity that contains the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavities both are protected by the bony rib cage the diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity
50
Abdomino pelvic cavity
Houses the stomach liver intestines liver and other organs and the pelvic cavity that contains the reproductive organs bladder and rectum
51
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right hypogastric region
52
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Right iliac (inguinal) region
53
Right lumbar region
In between Right hypochondriac region and right iliac region
54
epigastric region
Above umbilical region
55
Umbilical region
Above hypogastric (pubic) region
56
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left hypogastric region
57
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Left iliac (inguinal) region
58
Left lumbar region
In between left hypochondriac region and left iliac region
59
Base
Supports the microscope
60
Sun stage light
Located in the base and light passes directly upward
61
Stage
The platform on which the slide rests on while being viewed
62
Condenser
Small substage light that concentrates light on a specimen and may have a knob that rises and lowers the condenser
63
Iris diaphragmatic
An arm attached to the condenser that regulates the amount of light the passes through the condenser
64
Coarse adjustment knob
Used to focus on the specimen at the lowest power setting
65
Fine adjustment knob
Used for precise focusing once coarse focusing has been completed
66
Head of microscope
Supports the objective lens system and the ocular lens
67
Arm
Vertical portion of the microscope that connects the base and the head
68
Ocular lens
Allows observation of an object at 10x and one lens contains a pointer used to indicate a specific area
69
Rotating nosepiece
A rotating mechanism at the base of the head and carries three to four objective lenses
70
Objective lenses
Adjustable system found on the rotating nosepiece and allow the change of degree of magnification
71
Tissue
Group of cell that are similar in structure and function
72
Organ
Structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
73
Organ system
Group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function
74
Integumentary (skin) major organs
Epidermal and dermal regions; cutaneous sense organs and glands
75
Integumentary (skin) functions
* protects deeper organs
* excretes salts and urea
* aids in regulation of body temperature
* produces vitamin d
76
Skeletal organs
* bones
* cartilage
* tendons
* ligaments
* joints
77
Skeletal function
•body support and protection of internal organs
* provides levers for muscular action
* cavities provide a site for blood cell formation
78
Muscular organs
Muscles attached to skeleton
79
Muscles functions
* to contract or shorten
| * generate heat
80
Nervous organs
* brain
* spinal cord
* nerves
* sensory receptors
81
Nervous functions
* allows body to detect changes
| * helps maintain homeostasis
82
Endocrine organs
* pituitary
* thymus
* thyroid
* parathyroid
* adrenal
* pineal glands
* ovaries
* testes
* pancreas
83
Endocrine organs
* maintain homeostasis
* promotes growth and development
* produces chemical messengers
84
Cardiovascular organs
* heart
* blood vessels
* blood
85
Cardiovascular functions
* transport system
| * antibodies and other protein molecules in blood protect the body
86
Lymphatic/immunity organs
* lymphatic vessels
* lymph nodes
* spleen
* thymus
* tonsils
* scattered collections of lymphoid tissue
87
Lymphatic/immunity functions
* picks up leaked fluid from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood
* cleanses the blood of pathogens and other debris
* houses lymphocytes that act via the immune response to protect against foreign substances
88
Respiratory organs
* nasal passages
* pharynx
* larynx
* trachea
* bronchi
* lungs
89
Respiratory function
* Keeps the blood supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide
* contributes to the acid base balance of the blood
90
Digestive organs
* oral cavity
* esophagus
* stomach
* small intestine
* large intestine
* teeth
* salivary glands
* liver
* pancreas
91
Digestive functions
* breaks down ingested food to minute particles
| * undigested residue removed from the body as feces
92
Urinary organs
* kidneys
* uterus
* bladder
* urethra
93
Urinary functions
* rids the body of nitrogen containing wastes
| * maintains water ,electrolyte, acid base balance of blood
94
Reproductive organs
* Male:testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, duct system, which carries speed to the body exterior
* Female: ovaries,uterine tubes,uterus,mammary glands,vagina
95
Reproductive functions
* Male:provides germ cells called sperm for perpetuation of the species
* Female:provides germ cells called eggs
96
Stratum basale
Deepest epidermal layer and attached to dermis
| New skin cells come from and it’s single layer of cells undergo constant mitosis
97
Stratum spinosum
Several thick layers
| Received nutrients by diffusion from the dermis
98
Stratum granulosum
3 to 5 layers of flattened cells
Cells breaking down and their cytoplasm contains two types of granules:laminated granules & keratophyaline granules from keratin fibrils
99
Stratum lucidum
Only in thick skin found in hands and feet
| Translucent layer of flattened dead keratinocytes
100
Stratum corneum
Outermost layer of the epidermis
| 20 to 30 layers of flattened dead cells which are constantly being rubbed off
101
Order of 5 skin layers
(Deepest to highest)
(Betty,Spent,aGrand,Licking,Corn)lol
Basale
```
Spinosum
Granulosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum
```
102
Melanin
•only pigment made in the skin
103
Carotene
Yellow-orange pigment in the stratum corneum and adipose tissue
104
Hemoglobin
Pigment in the blood and red when originated
105
Jaundice
Yellowing of skin due to liver disorder
Yellow bile pigments accumulate in blood and body tissues
106
Bronsing
Skin appears bronze
Results from Addison’s disease
Adrenal cortex is hyperactive
107
Vitiligo
Skin develops white spots due to loss of melanocytes
108
Subcutaneous layer
Works with the skin to protect the body
Composed of mostly adipose tissue
Absorbs shock
Insulates
Loosely anchors the skin to the underlying tissues
109
Hair follicle
Formed by epidermal and dermal cells
Outer connective tissue sheath and glassy membrane
Inner epithelial tooth sheath
Papilla protects hair bulb and provides blood supply to growing hair
110
Hair color
Various amounts of melanin
Gray or white hair occurs from decreased melanin production and increased air bubbles in shaft
111
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Found everywhere in body except feet and palms of hands
Most ducts empty into hair follicles but some open directly onto skin surface
Sebum (a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells used to lubricator skin
112
Sweat glands
Widely distributed all over the skin(not in nipples and external genitalia
Eccrine secrete clear perspiration controlled by the nervous system and aid in body temp regulations
Apocrine mainly found in axillary and genital areas
Secrete milky protein and rich fat substance
113
Axial skeleton
Forms central axis of the body and consists of the skull vertebral column and thoracic cage
114
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdles the limb bones and bones of the hands and feet
115
How many types of skeletal cartilage ?
7
116
Articular cartilage
Covers bone ends at movable joints
117
Costal cartilage
Connects ribs and sternum
118
Laryngeal cartilage
Constructs larynx
119
Tracheal and bronchial cartilage
Reinforces other passageways of respiratory system
120
Nasal Cartilage
Supports external nose
121
Intervertebral cartilage
Separates and cushions spine
122
Elastic cartilage
Supports external ear
123
Hyaline cartilage
Provides support with flexibility
| Found in ends of long bones such as ribs nose trachea and larynx
124
Elastic cartilage
Most flexible sod 3 types
Tolerates repeating bending
Found in external ear and epiglottis
Supports external ear
125
Fibrocartilage
Alternating rows of chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers
Found in intervertebral discs and miscus pubic symphysis and discs of knee joints
126
Osseous tissues
Hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers
Supports and protects
Contains the central canal osteocytes and the lacunae and lamella which are the spaces
127
Mesenchyme ( embryonic connective tissue)
Gel like ground substance containing fibers
Give rise to tissues
Found in embryo
128
Connective tissue proper(loose connective tissue, areolar
Wraps and cushions organs , it’s macrophages phagocytize bacteria: plays important role in inflammation: holds and conveys connective tissue fluid
Found under epithelia of the body, packages organs , and surrounds capillaries
129
Connective tissue proper( loose connective tissues, adipose)
Areolar but sparse and loosely packaged with nucleus pushes to the side
Provides reserve fuel insulates against heat loss supports and protects organs
Found under the skin around kidneys and eyeballs within abdomen and in breasts
130
Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue, reticular
Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance
Fibers form an internal skeleton the supports other types of cells including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
Found in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
131
Connective tissue proper (elastic connective tissue)
Send regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
Recoil of tissues and maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries
Found in walls of large arteries , within ligaments associated with vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes
132
Blood
Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
Contained within the blood vessels
133
How many bones in an adult skeleton?
206
134
What are the two types of bone tissue
Spongy or cancellous bone that looks smooth and homogeneous and compact bone composed of small traneculae of bone and lots of open space
135
Long bones
Shaft with heads at either end (femur)
136
Short bones
Typically cube shaped and contain more spongy bone than compact bone (carpals)
137
Flat bones
Thin with two wafer like layers of compact bone sandwiching a spongy layer and may be curved (scapula)
138
Irregular bone
Bones that don’t fall into a preceding group (hip bones)
139
Sesamoid bones
Short bone formed in tendons (patella)
140
Wormian or surreal bones
Tiny bones between cranial bones usually forms between the parietal and occipital bone
141
Mastoiditis
Mastoid process is full of air which can lead to an infection
142
Meningitis
Brain and mastoid area is separated by a thin layer of bone also know as an ear infection that has spread to the mastoid process and can inflame the meninges
143
Herniated (ruptured) discs
Abnormal curvatures
144
Ribs
12 pairs from wall to thoracic cavity
145
Vertebrosternal (true ribs)
1-7
146
Vertebrochondral (false ribs)
8-10
147
Vertebral (floating ribs)
11-12
148
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones
149
Bones of the pectoral girdle
Clavicle and scapula
150
Bones of pelvic girdle
Coxal bones (2)
Bony pelvis
151
The hand or manus
Carpals (8)
Metacarpals (5 metacarpals)
Phalanges (14 phalanges )
152
How many tarsals
7
153
How many metatarsals
5
154
Phalanges
14
155
What are the three strong arches in the foot
Medial longitudinal
Transverse
Lateral longitudinal
156
How many bones in a fetus???
275
157
How long does it take for the fontanels to ossify ????
22 months
158
Where are the fontanels
Anterior
Mastoid
Sphenoidal
Posterior
159
What are the fibrous joints???
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
160
Sutures
Irregular edges connected with the help of tissue fiber only in skull
161
Syndesmosis
Bones connected by short ligaments which don’t interlock
In distal end of tibia and fibula
162
Gomphosis(gums)
Tooth held in bony socket by periodontal ligament
163
Two cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
Symphyses
164
Synchondroses
Bony portions are combined by hyaline cartilage
| Cartilage of 1st rib with the sternum and epiphyseal plates in long bones of children that eventually ossify
165
Symphyses
Bones connected by a broad flat disc fibrocartilage
| Intervertebral joints and pubic symphyses
166
Synovial joints
Ends are separated by joint cavity containing synovial fluid
All diarthrotic
Can move in at least one plane and some can move in several planes
167
Structural of synovial joints
Enclosed by two layer articular capsule creating a joint cavity
Synovial membrane creates synovial fluid
Outer layer or fibrous capsule is a dense irregular connective tissue
Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the surface of the bones forming the joint
Articular capsule is reinforced with ligaments and may contain bursae
168
Dense regular connective tissue
Parallel collagen fibers
Attaches muscle to bones or other muscles
In tendons most ligaments and aponeuroses
169
Dense irregular connective tissue
Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers
Withstand tension exerted in many directions
In Sibelius capsules of organs and joints in the dermis of the skin and submucosa of digestive tract
170
Plane (gliding)
Inter carpal and intertidal (one or two planes)
171
Hinge (flex ion and extension)
One plane
Elbow and interphalangeal
172
Saddle(flex up, extension, addiction, and abduction)
Biaxial
Thumb or metacarpals
173
Ball and socket(flexion, extension, addiction, abduction, and rotation)
Multi axial
Shoulder and hip
174
Angular movements with the head
Flexion(face downward), extension(regular), and hyper extension (head tilting back)
175
Angular movements
Abduction, addiction, circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
176
Rotation
Of head, neck , and lower limb
177
Pronation
Radius rotates over ulna
178
Supination
Radius and ulna are parallel
179
Dorsiflexion
Foot pointing upward
180
Plantar flexion
Foot pointing downward
181
Inversion of foot
Foot leaning inward
182
Eversion of foot
Foot leaning outward
183
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the mid line of the body
184
Adduction
Movement of limb towards mid line of body
185
Flexion
movement that decreases the angle of joint bringing two bones closer
186
Extension
Straightening movement that increases the angle of a joint
187
Rotation
Turning of the bone along its own axis
188
Circumduction
Moving a limb in a cone shape
189
Pronation
Rotation of the lower arm so that the malm faces posteriorly
190
Supination
Rotation of lower arm so that the palm faces up
191
Inversion
Turns the sole of the foot medially
192
Eversion
Turns the sole of the foot laterally
193
Dorsiflexion
Movement at the ankle that points the toes up
| Stand on heels
194
Plantar flexion
Movement of the ankle that point the toes down
| Standing tippy toes
195
Hip joint
Movement can occur in all possible planes because it’s ball and socket joint
196
Knee joint
Larges and most complex joint
Allows extension flexion and a little rotation
197
Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
Most freely moving joint articular capsule helps easy movement
198
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
199
Osteoarthritis
Chronic degenerative breakdown of joints 85% of American will have this
200
Sprain
Ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or are torn away from the bony attachment
201
Dislocation
Bones are forced four of their normal position in the joint cavity
Accompanied by stressed or torn ligaments
202
Double jointed
Hyper mobility of the joint caused by a loose tendon and ligament , abnormal bone shape, or variety of disorders
203
Cranium bones
```
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
```
204
Paranasal sinus
Four bones of the skull (maxillary,sphenoid,ethmoids,and frontal)
205
Hyoid bone
Point of attachment for tongue and neck muscles
