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English Paris Anthology > Language Terminology > Flashcards

Language Terminology Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Accent

A

How the speech sounds

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2
Q

Adjacency pair

A

During conversation where one utterances constrains the response, e.g: a question leads to an answer

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3
Q

Affordances

A

The emotion prompted by an experience or the way they see something.

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4
Q

Asynchronous interaction

A

Discourse that involves delays between taken turns

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5
Q

Back channelling

A

Process of encouraging the speaker through positive fillers or comments
example: ‘yes’ ‘hmm’ nodding

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6
Q

Binomial expressions

A

Sayings that naturally fall in pairs

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7
Q

Blended-mode

A

A text which contains conventions or elements of both speech and writing.

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8
Q

Clipping

A

Colloquial omission of parts of word to create a more casual alternative.
e.g: coz

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9
Q

Code switching

A

The ability of a speaker to alter the register or clarity of their speech to suit a certain social situation.

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10
Q

Constraints

A

limitations of someone’s speech

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11
Q

Convergence

A

Acting of changing language to fit in or become uniform with people around them

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12
Q

Upwards convergence

A

A speaker emphasising standard aspects of speech to demonstrate prestige

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13
Q

Downwards convergance

A

A speaker emphasising non-standard aspects of their speech

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14
Q

Conversational cues

A

Paralinguistic or verbal signals to indicate that it is someone else’s turn or the conversation has ended.

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15
Q

Conversational dominance

A

refers to the overall pattern of asymmetry in a conversation

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16
Q

Conversational implicature

A

When a statement has an intended effect other than the surface meaning.
e.g: It’s cold in here, suggesting to close a window

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17
Q

Name all of Grice’s Maxims

A

Maxim of quantity
Maxim of quality
Maxim of relation
Maxim of manner

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18
Q

Maxim of quantity

A

Trying to inform as much as possible

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19
Q

Maxim of quality

A

Trying to not say false things within speech

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20
Q

Maxim of relation

A

Trying to be relevant in a conversation

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21
Q

Maxim of manner

A

Trying to be as clear, brief and orderly as possible.

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22
Q

Conversational offers

A

A declarative which functions as a means to instigate conversation

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23
Q

Conversational question

A

an interrogative that requires a closed response

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24
Q

Conversational request

A

an interrogative that requires an open response

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25
Cooperative principals in conversation
how interaction is based upon cooperation and willingness
26
Covert prestige
When nonstandard languages are considered of high prestige by a speech community.
27
Culture shock
A sense of personal disappointment that can be felt when experiencing another culture.
28
Difference theory of language
The belief that men and women have innate differences in the style and function of their speech and writing.
29
Discourse community
A group of people with shared interests and belief systems who are likely respond to a text in similar ways
30
Discourse events
an act of communication occurring in a specific time and location
31
Discourse markers
words, phrases, or clauses that help organise what we say, e.g: Ok, so, as I was saying...
32
Disjuncts
Adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows e.g: "Frankly, I...."
33
Divergence
To move away from speech habits of someone else
34
Downgrade
the lowering of the intensity of a speaker's assessment in response to it
35
Elaborated code
Wide range of vocabulary, complex sentence structures etc...
36
Embedded story
Serves to maintain a group identity and asserting shared points of interest and value
37
Endophoric storytelling
When a narrative is told in the same location as the narrated events actually took place
38
Face
How all communication relies on a presenting face
39
Face Threatening Acts
the threat to a face by other speakers
40
False starts
The speaker realises the beginning of an utterance is not working and so effectively restarts by rephrasing.
41
Felicity condition
The conditions needed for a speech act to achieve its purpose
42
Fillers
Insertion of words or phrases into a speaker's discourse
43
Fuzziness
The characteristic of not neatly fitting into one category
44
Gender similarites hypothesis
A way of thinking that argues for more similarities than difference in male and female speech and writing.
45
Grab Quote
An enlarged phrase taken from a text to be placed on the headline
46
Hedging
Refers to how a speaker expresses certainty or uncertainty
47
Hesitation indicators
Moments in discourse that indicated hesitation such as stuttering and fillers
48
Heterodiegetic narrative
Told by someone who is not present in the narrative
49
Homodiegetic narrative
Story told from someone within the narrative
50
Idiolect
the speech patterns of an individual
51
Implied audience
Listener imagined by the speaker
52
Interrupted construction
The breakdown of an utterance where halfway through the speaker changes tact
53
Intonation
the rise and fall of a natural speaking voice
54
Jargon
Technical vocab associated with a particular group
55
Journalese
Sensationalised language that is particular to tabloid or newspapers
56
Latch-ons
When a speaker takes their turn immediately after the speaker has finished
57
Levels of formality
vocabulary styles
58
Mobile narrative
A narrative designed to accommodate a listener's movement in and around locations
59
Modality
The term to describe language that presents degrees of attitude or commitment
60
Negative face need
a universal need to feel independent and not imposed on
61
Non-fluency features
Any feature which would indicate that the speaker is not speaking with fluency
62
Overlaps
When one speaker speaks over another
63
Overt prestige
related to standard formal language features
64
Paralinguistic features
Anything beyond language, e.g.: body language, facial expressions
65
Paratextual features
Textual matter additional to the body of the text which serves to make that text accessible
66
Phonetics
the area of study concerned with investigating how sounds are produced by language users.
67
Phonaesthetics
the acoustic aesthetics of speech sounds based on human perception
68
Phonological features
Any devices used that relate to sound
69
Phonological manipulation
Making creative changes in sound patterns to give certain affects
70
Politeness strategies
Distinctive ways in which speakers can choose to speak to avoid threatening face
71
Positioning
How a text producer places or orientates themselves to the subject presented.
72
Preferred response
A second part of an adjacency pair that fits with that they speaker of the first part wants to hear
73
Prosodic features
the sound effects of spoken language, e.g: stress, intonation and pitch
74
Received pronunciation
Typical pronunciation associated with the social elite of Britain
75
Regional accent
The manner of pronunciation particular to a certain geographical region
76
Regional dialect
The actual words used
77
Register
a variety of language that is associated with a particular situation
78
Repair
When a speaker corrects some aspect of what they have said
79
Restricted Code
A code of speaking where an individual could only be understood by a limited number people
80
Running Repair
The process of socially organising a conversation if two people find that they have been talking simultaneosuly.
81
Schema
Agreed conventions of conversation
82
Speech acts
Communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them
83
Name the five illocutionary/ perlocutionary points (Serle 1969)
Assertives, Directives, Commissives, Expressives, Declaratives
84
Spontaneous spoken discourse
when speech contains lapses, inconsistences and breaks
85
Synchronous interaction
interaction that takes place in real time
86
Tag question
A question tagged onto the end of a statement
87
Tellability
the features of a story that make it worth telling to an audience
88
Terminus
The end of a sentence
89
Topic loop
To return to a previous topic of conversation
90
Topic shift
an utterance that moves a conversation to another topic
91
Topic marker
an utterance that establishes the topic of the conversation
92
Unequal encounters
Where one person has more power than another in a social situation
93
Upgrade
the lowering of the intensity of a speakers' assessment in a response to it

English Paris Anthology (3 decks)

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