LARE Section 3 Flashcards

Question

Land Use plan

Answer 1

is the regulation of the land uses, with the goal of preventing conflicts.

Answer 2

Grid Grid and Squares Web Radial Curvilinear, Irregular

Answer 3

Describe future possibilities for development within a defined planning area (neighborhood, district, city, etc) Located within a larger comprehensive plan. Primary purpose: regulation of land uses.

Answer 4

Health, safety, welfare #1 Minimizing development Impacts Building Location - Orient with respect to topography and minimize the grading - Preserve existing vegetation - Locate near the site entry to minimize road length - Primary entry along the major pedestrian pathway - Primary entry on the south side (SSE and SSW the ideal) - Commercial buildings are especially sensitive to building location. Since it will affect the success of a business. - Locate buildings on previously disturbed sites

Answer 5

* The closer the sound control measure is placed to the sound source, the more effective it will be. * Sound control measures must be solid to be effective. * Wood walls should be tongue & groove * Gaps must be avoided * Massive structures will tend to absorb sound better than lighter ones * Concrete and masonry are superior to metals * Softer materials (earth) will reflect less sound and absorb more.`

Answer 6

Jurisdiction over an Issue (power to make decisions) Particular Information or Knowledge base Party to an Actual or Potential Conflict Connected to community networks

Answer 7

Speed bump Raised crosswalk Speed table ( long enough so both wheels to be on top) Raised intersection (covers entire intersection) Neckdowns/ Bilbouts (curv extensions at intersections) Traffic circle (raised island located at an intersection) Roundabout Choker (used at midblocks) Realighned intersection (used at T intersection) Textured surface (ususally used in combination with other traffic measures) Center island narrowing Chicane (prevent cut-through driving down the centerline) Woonerf - type of roadway design (from Netherlands) in which traffic calming measures, low speed limits and shared space between roadway users are provided to increase safety within right-of way.

Answer 8

Running bond Stack bond Herringbone Basketweave

Answer 9

To protect or control viewshed of a specific area. Viewshed defined vyL topography, structures, vegetation, road, trail, park, historik landmark. It is based upon: - A MP or doc that describes the community supports for viewshed protection - Surveying public opinions and perceptions regarding scenic quality and preferences - Visual inventory and assessment process for the viewshed in question - Enforcement mechanism to protect the viewshed (building height limitations, setbacks etc)

Answer 10

Similar to comprehensive plans. However urban plans typically use 3D design drawings. They address a greater degree of spatial complexity and they are used to: - create a holistic vision for the future - develop implementation strategies for proposed and other short- and long-range initiatives - improve design quality across a specific district - market a specific district to development interests - Facilitate compromise between competing interest

Answer 11

Land Purchase **Parcel Map Approval** (Planning Department and Country Accessor) Stakeholder outreach and Master Plan SD **Planning Approval** (City Council and Planning Department) DD CD **Building Permit** (Building Department: Fire Marshall, traffic engineering, dept of public works, county health dept, Water Boards and Utilities, Groundbreaking CA Final signoffs - **occupancy permit** (by building inspector) Completion and Occupancy Post Occupancy Evaluation all projects greater than 1 acre need a **general permit** through the NPDES (national pollutants discharge elimination system) Sun program to the Clean Water Act, which is focused on reducing non point source pollution, including storm water.

Answer 12

measure of effectiveness with which landscape solutions fulfil their intended purpose and contribute to sustainability.

Answer 13

Bicycle Paths: 8-12 ft Dedicated lanes, separated from vehicles by open space or barriers within existing roadway Max 2% cross slope, 1.5% ideal Typically paved with asphalt (concrete is more expensive, gravel is less durable, and concrete joints create disruptions) Bicycle Lanes A portion of a larger roadway is designated for bicycles. Delineated by signs, markings, textured strips 5-6 ft Wide Outside Lanes Right side of traffic 14 ft Shared Roadways Most Dangerous Signage to indicate bicycle usage May impede traffic flow

Answer 14

Principal Arterial (highways, controlled access highways, a large amount of traffic) Minor Arterial (continuous routes through urban areas, major commercial and institutional uses will be located along the minor arterial. Residential sites do not typically have direct access to minor arterial) Collector (link traffic from numerous local streets to minor arterial. Some residential sites will have access to local roads) Local (short, numerous traffic control devices, low-speed, 90% of all streets in US, 10%of traffic volume)

Answer 15

- linear parks that also serve as a transportation corridor within city - between 200 to 1000 ft in width -

Answer 16

* Setting aside land for business or industry through zoning, remediation, or other means * Underwriting risks for developers, making the project more attractive * Providing amenities and infrastucture through capital improvement (bonds, public funded projects) * Creating an economic development team or department to provide ongoing support * Promoting existing quality of life amenities that might attract new development * Attracting ‘creatives’ to encourage a diverse cultural scene * Establishing a joint economic development zone where developers can have special support * Providing job training * Refining regulations to streamline approvals * Establishing business-retention programs * Adopting design guidelines for commercial, industrial and institutional areas

Answer 17

- ADA-accessible parking should be located as close as possible to the building entrance - all ADA accessible routes should be continuous and free of obstructions - all ADA accessible routes should follow the general pedestrian path to the greatest extent as possible - the primary spaces of a site should be ADA accessible (parking, entrances, buildings)

Answer 18

Used during the development of master plan or at the very beginning of the design process They are used in order to understand what a specific population believes they are lacking. Needs Assessment include: Identification of target population for the study Determining which survey techniques to use Development of the content for public meetings Collecting data through surveys and meetings Interpreting data

Answer 19

Do not increase development density on a site, preserving open space. Benefits of cluster development: Preservation of open space and site character Protection of natural/cultural resources Reduction of impervious surface Lowered construction costs for streets Reduction in site disturbance/grading Reduced visual impact

Answer 20

important to sitting comparable uses next to each other. - Provide a distinct sense of place - Sustainability via efficient, high-density development - Mixed uses cater to a diverse public - Density encourages pedestrian activity, public transport - Create active public spaces - Greater public safety - Urban in-fill redevelopment and re-use of historic structures

Answer 21

TMDL Total maximum daily load - is the max amount of pollutant allowed to enter a waterbody so that the waterbody will meet and continue to meet the water quality standards for the particular pollutant

Answer 22

Are directly impacted by an issue or project Have jurisdiction or control over something relevant to the project Possess specialist knowledge related to the project Directly represent or are connected to influential social/community networks Parties that are directly affected by or have a stake ina project are stakeholders

Answer 23

50 feet from the edge of any stream or other identified water body; 100 feet from the edge of any wetland; 25 feet from any street right-of-way; and 15 feet from any property line. The setbacks for paved circulation ways are: 100 feet from the edge of any wetland; 15 feet from any street right-of-way; and 10 feet from any property line.

Answer 24

Whenever bicycles share a road with vehicles, they are at risk when: - cyclist turn left across oncoming traffic - cyclist cross an intersection when vehicular traffic is entering from or turning from the right - either/both cyclist and driver fail to yield

Answer 25

Visioning is a relatively broad planning activity in which a community develops a shared concept for their future and how this concept will be achieved. It should: Reflect core community values Draw from the whole community Address emerging issues or trends Promote local action Envision a preferred future.

Answer 26

Isolation Valves - manually operated, placed at critical junction, used to shut off specific portion for maintenance.

Answer 27

Executive summary Existing conditions Analysis drawings Summary of strength and weaknesses Development program Urban design plan_renderings Street framework plan Open space framework plan Design guidelines Implementation plan

Answer 28

- Convener picked - Selection committee - Self-nomination - Snowball (can compliment any of the 3 strategy)

Answer 29

* Use a variety of tree species, avoid monocultures * Age diversity * Preservation of heritage specimens * Reduce the heat island effect * Use of vegetation to reduce heating and cooling costs of buildings * Management of urban soils * SilvaCells * Structural soil

Answer 30

cellular confinement systems (geocells) fiber rolls (also called straw wattles made of straw and coconut fibers) Gabions (a cage filled with rocks, concrete, or sometimes sand and soil) Hydroseeding (slurry with mulch and seeds) level spreaders Mulching Reforestation perennial crops riparian buffer riprap sand fence vegetated waterway (bioswale) terracing windbreaks

Answer 31

Material Sample boards - provides physical samples of actual materials used in project Considered superior to photos, cutsheets and renderings in terms of representing quality

Answer 32

Prime farmland or are undeveloped Provide habitat for threatened or endangered species or contain sensitive ecosystem (wetlands) Located within 100 flood zone Require extensive excavation or grading

Answer 33

Expanding opportunities for stormwater infiltration minimizing impervious surface decreasing the runoff volume during storm events restricting development to outside floodplain areas replacing hard engineered structures with green infrastructure that slows water velocities

Answer 34

- not multi-user trails, different criteria - surfaced with natural soils or crashed aggregate - follow the surrounding topo easy trails 3-5% moderate 8-10% strenuous >10% (напряженный)

Answer 35

Acts as a summary and a synthesis of the site inventory/analysis and client interview Functions as a checklist to compare the design proposal against

Answer 36

Reflective of input from stakeholders Located in or adjacent to existing communities Previously developed (brownfields, greyfields) Adjacent to public transportation

Answer 37

between pedestrian and bicyclist due to overcrowding To increase safety - sufficient width and/or dividing trails

Answer 38

Quick coupler valve - to connect hose to irrigation system. HOSE - шланг

Answer 39

- Promoting public health, safety, welfare - Protecting public from natural disasters - Reducing construction and maintenance costs - Improving site function, including access - Increase profit from development - Protecting valuable natural/cultural resources - Supporting critical ecological processes

Answer 40

Promoting public health, safety, welfare Protecting the public from natural disasters Reduced construction costs Increased profit from development Protecting valuable natural and cultural amenities Supporting critical ecological processes

Answer 41

Document Set Organization Sheet layout and content (scale, name, purpose) Detail names and numbering Drawing notations and conventions (keynotes, symbols, general notes) Specification format and organization

Answer 42

Deep Narrow Lots - garage in front of the house, maximize space behind the house. Unattractive view from the street, minimum privacy Shallow Wide Lots - More Space between houses, lack useful yard space, more development costs Alley Houses - placing garage at the rear of the property facing the alley, aesthetically pleasing neighbourhoods, can introduce narrower streets to compensate cost of an alley. Z-Lots - zero lot line layout, house is placed at the or near property line.

Answer 43

Improve the built-environment Establi aesthetic continuity Support and maintain broader planning and design objective Ensure the health, safety and welfare Mitigate the negative impacts of development

Answer 44

encourages mixed-use, high-density development around multi-modal transportation hubs. (1/8 mile downtown or 1/2 mile in other conditions. 1/4 mile primary TOD area)

Answer 45

- Review of contract docs to see if construction costs and duration can be reduced while maintaining project quality - Should not impact health, safety of welfare - Should not affect durability or long-term functioning - Example: change finish surface, but not subgrade preparation, aggregate thickness base since latter have structural purpose.

Answer 46

Should promote clients objectives, preserve design intent, be future-oriented (anticipated site users, potable water use, financial resources) Routine maintenance requirements Season maintenance requirements Long term, preventive or as-needed requirements Operating manuals for landscape infrastructure such as irrigation controllers As-build drawings of the project Guide to plant material List of replacement parts for key equipment

Answer 47

period of research and information gathering used to determine project outcomes, and programming studies are guided by the following information: Market analysis Literature review User demand studies Stakeholder interviews/surveys Analysis of relevant precedents Client objectives Project budget

Answer 48

the first opportunity to formulate a detailed/specific/technical design intent for the project. SD refines elements of the concept, introduces new drawing types (sections, elevations, 3d perspectives) SD, key goals and activities: Refine content from the concept design phase Site context plan Preferred Plan option Key compliance and regulatory requirements Coordinate preferred plan with off-site systems ( circulation, stormwater, utilities) Probable construction costs Project cover sheet Study models, character images Illustrative elevations, sections, 3D drawings Sketch details Materials and components palette

Answer 49

- Play areas for multiple age groups - ADA-accessible circulation group - well-maintained open space for informal use - sport features (basketball half-court, tennis, volleyball, etc) - general site amenities (trash bins, benches etc) - landscape planting - natural areas - limited parking

Answer 50

- sight distance at intersection - Must be free from any obstructions, including trees and vegetation. - Plants should not be higher than 2 ft.

Answer 51

area of the floodplain outside of the floodway that does not usually convey floodwater and usually contains slow-moving or standing water.

Answer 52

is the downward movement of the ground caused by the weight of the structure

Answer 53

Zoning ordinance discourage from mix-used Require complex financing Increase project complexity Interdisciplinary coordination May be more extended/complicated approval process

Answer 54

make solid soils behave like liquids the greater the soil density, the lower the liquefaction risks

Answer 55

- Cost of data collection and analysis - Existing site conditions - Permit requirements - Proposed site uses

Answer 56

- Should be centrally located in the neighborhood that they serve - Connect to broader circulation network - Range in size from 1-10 acre, generally at least 3 acre to 5 - Should be contiguous and uninterrupted by roads or rivers, wetlands - Site not suitable for other development usually is not suitable for neighborhood park

Answer 57

Greenfield sites Brownfield sites Greyfield sites Urban Infill

Answer 58

Electronic devices (locks, alarms, CCTV, gadgets) Site lighting should be uniform and consistent. Design methods Building design, lighting, circulation control, site layout, planting. Minimsing blind spots, dead ends, Organisational methods (site security, doorman, regulating hours Plants should grow no more than 3 ft, trees are ok, but you have to provide clear line of sight from 3-6ft School experience increase level of crime due to predictable routines

Answer 59

Perceptual ability issues, especially sight and hearing Hard to see small changes in grades Visual clues should be provided Comfortable seating Walking is the most common exercise Playgrounds and daycare facilities are considered complementary to elderly users

Answer 60

Sleeving - large diameter tube places under hardscape surface to allow the irrigation mainline or laterals to be routed through the property after placement of the hardscape.

Answer 61

Sound Walls Need to be quite tall and dense to have an effect Sound absorption approx 30 to 20 decibels May increase noise elsewhere (bounce sounds back) Visually overwhelming, expensive per linear foot Visually monotonous Earthen Berms Softer surface, angled face can provide better sound mitigation than wall Require more horizontal space Less expensive than walls and fences Can be planted to appear attractive Vegetation Does not absorb sound effectively (5 to 8 decibels per 100’ of width) Requires more horizontal space Most effective in high frequency ranges (above 1000-2000 Hertz)\ Psychological If source of noise is not visible, impact may be reduced. Mask negative noise by adding positive sounds –running water, etc

Answer 62

riparian zone is an interface between land and a river or stream.

Answer 63

Deep, narrow, lots Shallow wide lots (more costly) Alley houses (place garages and the rear of the property) Z-lots (zero lot line)

Answer 64

ADA parking spots closest to building entrances as well as to the shortest ADA path All ADA routes are continuous All ADA routes must follow general public to the greatest extent The primary elements of the site must be accessible If more than 5% it is a ramp Maximum slope 8,33% Maximum cross slope without handrails of 2.1% for paths and 2% for ramps

Answer 65

companion to natural access control, uses design elements like plants, walls, and hardscape to define a sphere of influence. This way it is clear that a space is heavily maintained and controlled and would prevent from crime

Answer 66

-not ideal for stormwater infiltration - shrink and expand dramatically

Answer 67

The land area that contributes surface water to a specific location. Watershed boundaries defined by ridges.

Answer 68

- Tend to generate Noise, traffic - Sport field lighting is the major concern - Should never be sited adjacent to residential areas - Space in between sport and residential requires buffering - Designed to serve entire community - Well integrated into existing circulation network - Access from main vehicular routes - Baseball field orientation - northeast - All other sport: north-south

Answer 69

Market analysis Development yield (доходность) of a site Project permitting requirements Estimated project timeline Budget/funding mechanisms Initial design concepts

Answer 70

subsidence occurs when soils beneath the building are unstable and sink downwards dif subsidence - 2 points settle at different rates ( due to 2 different soil profiles)

Answer 71

area of land adjoining the water body that has been or may be covered by the floodwater areas that accomodate floodwaters in excess of channel capacity by storing floodwater, thereby reducing peak flows downstream

Answer 72

Views to and from the crosswalk must be clear Pedestrians are at risk whenever they ross a roadway Crosswalks must be perpendicular to the roadway Pedestrian Islands increase safety across crosswalks Distances could be reduced with bulb-outs, neckdowns Lower vehicle speed Narrow roads are safer than wider ones to cross Visible signage and lights Overpass and underpass cross are not encouraged, cause they are not comfortable/accessible

Answer 73

Reduce waste and carbon emissions produced by maintenance Address the waste stream on site Replace traditional pest management with integrated pest management (IPM) Treat stormwater and run-off Amend solis using organic matter Control the spread of invasive species

Answer 74

- Connectivity (new circulation must connect to existing circulation) - Align entries and exits - Visible entries and exits (if multiple entries/exits should be a hierarchy) - Establish a hierarchy (through scale, like larger streets or visual character, like high-end materials vs fewer details). - All major circulation paths have to lead to entry/exits and key site feature - Facilitate wayfinding. Colour is a poor choice for wayfinding, it does not convey hierarchy and does not work for all people. - Hospitals do not follow all these principles. Hospital campuses should be divided into public/private zones. Private circulation should be self-contained and do not connect to adjacent public roads/

Answer 75

area of the floodplain where river/stream flows under normal conditions

Answer 76

- Minimise the disturbance to the minimum - Schedule grading to avoid periods of highest erosion potential (spring thaw, rainy seasons) and by favouring dry periods - Limiting grading activities to the area of the site currently under construction - Stabilising soils after grading, construction is complete (hydroseeding, mulching) - Locating non-point pollution source away from steep slopes, erodible soils, areas that drain directly to the water body - Covering and stabilising soil piles - Constructing benches, terraces and ditches at a regular interval to minimise steep slope and reduce runoff velocity - Lining drainage channels with stabilising materials (rip rap каменная наброска) - Adding check dams in swales or channels to reduce runoff velocity

Answer 77

Site Inventory - is a process of documenting various site data Site Analysis - follow site inventory, requires LA to interpret the site inventory data to make conclusions relevant to the design process.

Answer 78

- Avoid using solid walls and earthworks that block cooling winds - Use high canopy trees, open planting patterns to maximise evaporation and cooling winds - Provide shade structures with high ceilings/venting

Answer 79

have not been previously developed or extensively graded, or land that has been used for agriculture

Answer 80

Organised around political/social boundaries as well as ecological resources Include: environmental. Recreational. Scenic, cultural, historic, transportation, urban design elements. Should accomplish following: - Protect natural resources and wildlife - Provide space for public recreation - Enhance sense of community through providing public space - Create new/support existing cultural infrastructure - Support economic development initiatives - Promote general public health - Augment existing development patters (Augment - make (something) greater by adding to it)

Answer 81

1 - site preparation 2 - bulk excavation 3 - backfilling/fine grading 4 - finish surfacing

Answer 82

-Improving the legibility of pedestrian circulation - Enhancing safety - Encouraging nighttime use of a site - Minimizing the potential damage to the property - Introducing the hierarchy of a site uses through the variable intensity of lighting - Improving views of the landscape from well-lit interior spaces

Answer 83

Protect wildlife Provide space for public recreation Enhance the sense of community Create/support cultural infrastructure

Answer 84

Seeks to improve the financial situation of businesses and workers within a community. Promote economic development, quality of life, especially in underdeveloped areas or in need of economic revitalization. (brownfield/greyfields sites) Redevelopment can be drafted because: Responding to competition from nearby communities Addressing loss of major industry Promoting community to specific industries Tackling economic stagnation Creating tax revenues Finding uses for underutilized spaces

Answer 85

errors and omissions insurance, purchased to protect a professional services firm (architects, surveyors, landscape architects) from claims of negligence or failing to perform their professional duties. Bodily harm or physical damage is not covered by this one. claims of negligence

Answer 86

maybe caused by: heavy rains extreme topo unstable soils construction activity loose of vegetation

Answer 87

Woody, evergreen vegetation is better suited, should be at least 3 plants deep to be effective Deciduous plants do not block wind during winter Vegetation should be placed at the direct path of prevailing wind with adequate spacing from the structure - at least half of their height away from the structure to provide sufficient dead-air space Taller and thicker plants provide superior protection from wind

Answer 88

High density, mixed use Mitigate urban sprawl Housing for all price ranges Reduce parking requirements Encourage use of public transit Create walkable communities

Answer 89

Site design on temperate climates - Promote shade and evaporative cooling during summer months - Block winter winds without disrupting summer wind patterns - Locate uses and structures along southern orientation (SSE to SSW) to promote

Answer 90

Paving (selected based on - climate, safety considerations, and overall character, Could be used to determine street hierarchy, and increase safety). Overly complex patterns may disorient people with visual impairments. Planting (shade, barrier, air quality, visual character) Lighting (safety, increased visibility, wayfinding, avoid light pollution) Furnishings (should never be located int he middle of circulation path, L shape benches best encourage interaction) Public and Private Amenities (public utility boxes, parking meters, signage, outdoor dining)

Answer 91

- Irrigation zones (group of plants with similar water needs) are separated by valves, with 1 valve controlling 1 zone. - Multiple methods could ve used within 1 irrigation system, but only 1 method per irrigation zone. All zones are controlled by a control unit - controller. - Irrigation should happen at night or at early morning - Changes in elevation will affect water pressure. Each foot of vertical elevation gain reduces available pressure by 0.433 psi - Water velocity passing through the irrigation pipes (laterals) should be 5 feet per second - Excess pressure could lead to water hammering, broken laterals, overspray

Answer 92

Semi-enclosed coastal body of water connected to open sea. Strongly affected by tidal, contain brackish water

Answer 93

+ Non glare non-skid surface (Небликующая нескользящая поверхность) Wide color range Easily reaired - High Installation cost Difficult to clean Can disintegrate in cold winter Susceptible to different settlement and efflorescence (выцветанию)

Answer 94

- more than 5% considered a ramp - maximum ADA slope is 8,33% (1:12) - ADA accessible walkways without handrails should have a max cross slope of 2.1% (1:48) and ramps a cross slope of 2% (1:50) stairways are the most significant barrier for the ADA

Answer 95

A portion of a larger roadway is designated for bicycles. Delineated by signs, markings, textured strips 5-6 ft

Answer 96

Implementation program contains: Implementation schedule Development criteria Monitoring and evaluation Coordination between government units Proposed legislative changes

Answer 97

the rate of speed at which water moves through soil through the small pores

Answer 98

a series of independent elements that come together within the plan structure

Answer 99

- Natural lawn practices - Fewer moving events - Aeration - Overseeding with grass suitable for microclimate - Slow, deep, less frequent watering will produce healthier conditions

Answer 100

specific statements that suggest how goals are going to be accomplished, more action oriented

Answer 101

Executive summary Existing conditions Analysis drawings Strength and weaknesses Development program (market studies) Urban design plans Street framework plan Open space framework plan Design guidelines Implementation plan

Answer 102

Green roofs Bioretentions Rainwater harvesting systems Improve water quality Reduce runoff volume More pervious surface Stormwater runoff NEVER goes directly into body of water or wetland Topography and presence of water feature will dictate where stormwater features will be located

Answer 103

refers to the water that infiltrates the surface and percolates downward to infiltrate the underlying water table

Answer 104

- parking space shall be 9’x20’ [2.7m x 6m] - Parallel parking spaces min length of 22’ and a min width of 9’. - Parking lots with more than forty (40) spaces shall have a max of 10 contiguous spaces without an island. Min width of an island – 9’ - Parking areas must be graded at a slope not to exceed 5% - No dead end parking areas shall be permitted

Answer 105

**Additive alternates**: As the budget allows, bid alternates are added to the base in a predefined order to establish the low bid. **Deductive alternates** :To meet the budget, bid alternates are deducted from the base scope in a predefined order to result in a contract that fits the budget

Answer 106

0-3% nearly level 3-7% gently sloping 7-12% moderately sloping 12-25% strongly sloping 25-40% strongly sloping 40-70% very steeply sloping >70% extreme slope 2% - minimum slope necessary for a site to shed water and have a proper drainage.

Answer 107

Incorporate public feedback into site development Outline a phased-growth plan for future site development consider how sustainable design measures could be incorporated highlight critical cultural and environmental resources identify maximum potential development to the site (20-30 years timeline)

Answer 108

- characterized by diminished perceptual abilities, especially vision, and hearing - ESU have difficulties seeing small changes in grade. Visual cues should be provided at all grade changes - provide comfortable seating - walking paths are the most common exercise for elder Americans - playgrounds and daycare facilities are considered to be complimentary uses for ESU

Answer 109

Conserve natural resources Protect sensitive ecosystems Preserve biodiversity Consider development intensity and location Reduce pollution

Answer 110

Land Use Economic Development Natural and cultural resources Housing Transportation Utilities Demographics Community facilities (utilities, parks, open space) ** Critical and sensitive areas Agricultural lands Natural Hazards

Answer 111

Historic/ cultural restoration and preservation plans are used to identify, preserve and restore cultural and historic resources.

Answer 112

Estimating Cut and Fill There are 3 basic techniques for estimating cut and fill: Average End Area Grid Contour Planes

Answer 113

Team roles and responsibilities Interdisciplinary coordination needs Establish conventions (quality control, CAD protocols, cost estimating) Confirm Permitting/regulatory approval requirements Deadlines and production schedule Mock-ups and projected document set and specifications Refine construction budget (53-54 LAD Standards)

Answer 114

Are directly impacted by an issue or project Have jurisdiction or control over sth relevant to the project Possess specialist knowledge related to the project Directly represent or are connected to influential social/ community networks

Answer 115

Minimum slope necessary for proper drainage 2% Athletic fields 1-2%, 1% preferred Sidewalks 1-5%, 2% cross-slope Streets 1-10%, 20% maximum Parking lots 2-3%, 5% max Sitting area 1%. 2%max Lawns 5-10% (25% max) Townhouses and other multi-family development well suited to accommodate 5-10% slope Walking where grading is done by Cut is more stable where grading is done by fill.

Answer 116

Topography Soils Vegetation types The extent of past flood flows

Answer 117

- Active Recreation Setback: Occurs within 30 feet of active recreation fields. - Security Setback: Occurs within 3 feet of walks and routes of pedestrian travel. - Wetland: 100’ setback for structures - Stream: 50’ setback for structures - Floodplain: No structures permitted (only grass play fields) - Buildings shall be set back at least 25’ from property line along a street, and 15’ from all other property lines

Answer 118

Underutilized or abandoned commercial or retail properties located in urban or suburban areas. Large commercial building surrounded by parking lots

Answer 119

list of all requirements that the design solution must satisfy, program document will always include: A list of goals and objectives Elements to be included in the design Special requirements for the design to fulfill

Answer 120

- Length of the road ahead of the vehicle that is visible to the driver. - - - Roadway alignments, speed limits, intersection locations, and exits/entries are all affected by sight distance. - Minimum sight distance = allow the vehicle to stop before reaching an object Therefore sight distance is **affected by distance and vehicle speed**

Answer 121

- Avoid heat-absorbing materials (metal), large exposed glass surfaces - Use walls to create favorable microclimates - Deflect hot,dry winds with earthworks, screening, walls - Prevent heat build-up in structures through the use of thick walls - Use drought-tolerant plants - Use pergola on south and southwest walls - Provide shade in outdoor areas, but allow winter sun

Answer 122

Education owner o the potential risks Being fair and unbiased Permit drawings, CD sets are not considered valid without the signature and stamp of the project LA A registered LA can sign and seal the work performed by other landscape designer under their supervision Many states require for landscape designer to work under LA before becoming registered themselves.

Answer 123

Vegetation Soil Topo Precipitation SlopeTpo

Answer 124

Restoration - the process of removing a historic resource to accurately depict the historic resources as it would have appeared in a particular period of time. It could also entail reconstructing features that were removed from the original structure.

Answer 125

Channel Floodway Flood fringe

Answer 126

Fencing with easily controllable access Signage that indicates entry points, hours of operation, age restriction Seating in both sunny and shady areas Play areas segregated according to age Play areas for children with and without disabilities Water is considered an ideal material for universal play, therefore area around water play area should be accessible by wheelchair Safe surfacing - poured in place rubber, hardwood wooden fibre, shredded rubber, sand, pea-gravel Hard surfaces used sparingly and if needed Comfort amenities like restroom, tables, water fountains Service amenities: trash bins, bike/car parking, storage Substantial lighting only if needed Emergency call box Additional- garden areas and landforms with provided access to them

Answer 127

Reduce the footprint of structure Use green roofs Reduce road lengths and widths Reduce size of parking lots by altering dimensions or reducing # of parking lots Replace impervious surface with pervious materials

Answer 128

type of wetland with woody vegetation

Answer 129

Soil characteristics Water source Available flow and pressure Water quality Water cost Site grading and elevation Sun species and placement Evapotranspiration rate Annual Precipitation Construction budget

Answer 130

+ Low heat and light reflectivity Versatile, durable, year-round use Low maintenance Water repellant, but could be porous Adaptable to a variety of shapes - Degradation at edge without support Can soften in extreme heat Susceptible to freeze damage

Answer 131

Grid Pattern Radial pattern Classic pattern Linear system Grid/Grid and Squares/Web/Radial/Curvilinear/Irregular

Answer 132

context sensitive, minimizes negative development impacts by respecting the landscape’s natural patterns and processes. -protecting env from unnecessary impact - using design as an opportunity to restore env - avoid development on greenfield sites - encourage dense, mixed use walkable communities - promote resource conservation/ efficient use

Answer 133

- Horizontal alignment: straight lines and arcs - As direct as possible, but mind topography and site feautures - Longer curves are safer - Avoid abrupt changes - Learn terms: PC Point of Curvature, PI Point of Intersection, PT Point of Tangency, Chord - Intersections and site entries should not be placed at steep topography due to site distance criteria.

Answer 134

HPP - Used to identify, preserve and restore cultural and historic resources. Development can not have an adverse effect on historic properties and resources. HP site would assessed based on: Is the site associated with historic events? Is the site associated with person significant to US history Does the site embody the distinctive characteristics of type, period or method of construction, the work of a master, possess high artistic value Has the site yielded or may be likely to yield information important to history

Answer 135

Fertigation - irrigation system that introduces fertilisers into the water prior to be emitted to plants

Answer 136

is the sustained flow of a stream or groundwater in the absence of direct runoff. It includes natural and human-induced stream flows. Natural stream flow is sustained by groundwater discharge это устойчивый поток ручья или грунтовых вод при отсутствии прямого стока. Сюда входят естественные и антропогенные водотоки. Естественный сток поддерживается за счет разгрузки подземных вод.

Answer 137

Electronic methods Design methods Organizational methods +it is recommended to maintain clear lines of sight between 3-6ft height (select plants that grow less than 3ft, trees should be pruned, remove branches below 6 ft)

Answer 138

2-4 stories is human scale (well articulated for at least 2 stories) Articulation is good (large transparent windows, smth that creates human scale, avoid long monotonous facades) Consider wind and shade - do not cast shadows, create wind tunnels for streetscape and public spaces. Breaking up mass into smaller units helps to mitigate negative effects Reduce energy use (reduce surface area, increase natural light and ventilation) Footprint = Impact

Answer 139

- Peak flows increase due to increased runoff - Volume of runoff increases due to increased runoff - Time to peak decreases due to smoother watershed surfaces - Channel erosion increases - Flood high water levels and frequency of flooding increase - Channel flows become more erratic - Riparian habitats are degraded - Ground water levels decline

Answer 140

Green roof Permeable pavement Bioretention basin with underdrain Water harvest/re-use cistern

Answer 141

30 ft from structure vegetation free or only low growing, fire-resistant plant species. site furniture - nonflammable no bark mulch

Answer 142

Lot size and shape Historic structures Vegetation Hydrology Geology, soils Topography Climate conditions Wildfire Wildlife habitat Noise and other surroubdings

Answer 143

- Dark roofs are significant contributors to heat island effect - Dark asphalts absorb more heat energy than concrete - Green roofs can be used to mitigate heat-islands - Vegetation and water can be used to mitigate urban heat islands - Tree canopy cover can play a significant role in reducing surface temperatures in urban env. - should use light colored pavement or high albedo pavement

Answer 144

= Master Plans include speculative plans to show how policy goals be translated into the built environment AND implementation program Used to: Organize large-scale process Coordinate decision-making at the local level General guidance to landowners, developers, stakeholders Promote informed decision-making Establish direction and consensus related to future development

Answer 145

Conduction soil tests prior planting Required 2-3 inches of mulch coverage in planting beds to suppress weed Use well-proven or drought tolerant planting materials Minimise turf areas Develop site maintenance plan, providing it to owner and request that copies will be distributed to maintenance staff

Answer 146

uses site and architectural design to create spaces to maximise visibility to increase safety. (windows, adequate nightlighting, active pedestrian streetscape)

Answer 147

The frequency of an amenity relevant to population size (related to needs assessment)

Answer 148

The Rivers and Harbors Act (1899) The National Flood Insurance Act (1968) The National Environmental Policy Act (1969) The Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) The Endangered Species Act (1973) The Clean Water Act (1972 and 1977) The Coastal Barrier Resources Act (1982) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934, 1977

Answer 149

Used to identify and protect lands, water bodies, wildlife, natural resources. ERP will contain: Description of critical resource GIS maps of critical resource + field surveys An analysis of carrying capacity A description of the public outreach used to determine which resources are critical Policies to protect resources Implementation strategies

Answer 150

-fence with clear entry points -signage with operation hours -seating both in sunny and shady areas - play areas segregated by age - safe surfacing (poured-in-place rubber, hardwood wooden fiber, shredded rubber, sand, pea gravel) -hard surface used sparingly and if needed - comfort amenities (restroom, water fountain, tables) - service amenities( trash bins, parking, storage) - substantial lighting only if needed - emergency call box

Answer 151

1-2%, with 1% preferred 0% with substantial under drainage Equestrian facilities should be located on a flat ground

Answer 152

lists the hazardous ingredients of a product, its physical and chemical characteristics (e.g. flammability, explosive properties), its effect on human health, the chemicals with which it can adversely react, handling precautions, the types of measures that can be used to control exposure, emergency and first aid procedures, and methods to contain a spill. When new regulatory information, such as exposure limits, or new health effects information becomes available, the MSDS must be updated to reflect it.

Answer 153

Transpiration from plants, water, and surfaces to return water to the atmosphere

Answer 154

similar in intent to comprehensive plans, regional plans are distinct in that they cover geographical areas that cross the jurisdiction of more than 1 government unit. (watershed boundaries, transportation network, metropolitan region, etc) All regional plans will contain maps as well as implementation program. The implementation program is composed of: - Implementation schedule - Development criteria - Monitoring and evaluation - Coordination between governmental units - Proposed legislative changes

Answer 155

damage by the earthquakes is exacerbated: 1. Building height 2. Hillslides, ridges and steep topo 3. Proximity to major fault lines 4. Placing structures parallel to the anticipated direction of seismic waves

Answer 156

the purchase of partial right to a piece of land and it requires an agreement between 2 parties for the purchase of a specific use. Example: owner allowing utility company to cross their land with a service line, access across one property to another

Answer 157

Purpose of parks, open spaces, trails master plans: protect natural resources provide spaces for public recreation enhance a sense of community create new/ support existing cultural infrastructure Support economic development promote general public health augment existing development patterns

Answer 158

Broad planning activity where the community develops a shared concept for their future and determines how this concept will be achieved: - reflect core community values - draw from the whole of the community - address emerging issues or trends -promote local action -envision a preferred future

Answer 159

high density, mixed use development around multi modal transportation hubs. Developments should be located within ⅛ of transit hubs in downtown and ½ around mass transit stations. 1.4 mile - primary area for TOD development, ¼ to ½ secondary area.

Answer 160

- are created to protect and buffer key ecological resources including sensitive - -ecological areas and wildlife corridors passive use recreational opportunities

Answer 161

- Funding and other financial considerations - Specific sites and resources that will be targeted by program - Design/planning standards - Participant and organizations that are vital for the implementation strategy - Specific targets and timelines - How progress will be measured

Answer 162

Slope = rise/run Ridges are identified by contour lines that point donhill Valleys/swales are identified by contour lines that point uphill

Answer 163

Identify operational inefficiencies, sources of cost savings Post Occupancy Evaluation POE

Answer 164

- all amenities from the neighborhood park - group picnic facilities - an extensive network of looped internal trails for a variety of users - large, well-maintained open spaces - some formal athletic facilities that can blend in - special-use facilities (campgrounds, dog parks, skateboard park) - dedicated parking lots

Answer 165

A clear demarcation of private and public space (minimise “no man’s land”); Diversity of use; A high level of pedestrian use of the sidewalks. Commercial strip environments are particularly vulnerable to crime because they disperse pedestrian activity; “Natural surveillability” and “defensible space” – design should allow people to see and be seen continuously; A sense of ownership of outdoor spaces, awareness of who is part of the community; Good maintenance and prompt repair of broken items. Clear wayfinding

Answer 166

Amount of time needed for water to flow from the most remote point of the watershed to watershed outlet.

Answer 167

- All required access shall be paved - Maximum length for a cul-de-sal (deadend) shall be 800’ [240m]. - The longer a dead end road, the greater the safety hazard. - Design of parking shall not necessitate backing from a space into a street, primary circulation route, or entrance - sight triangle 45'

Answer 168

- Entry and exit points connect to existing circulation - Safety of site users #1priority - Strong sense of arrival - Entry may be placed on-axis with buildings - Entrance and main circulation could be oriented to notable site elements like a group of trees

Answer 169

topographic relief is the relative difference in elevation between 2 or more points.

Answer 170

As a rule, bike paths are specially created pathways away from the main roads, typically in recreational areas. Bike lanes provide the bicyclist with his or her own lane on a road shared with motorists and typically provide direct routes for travellers wanting to get to work or school.

Answer 171

* School—Park—Residential Neighborhoods * Separate Commercial/Industrial from Residential * Elderly—Park—Hospital

Answer 172

Lot size and shape Historic structures, prominent views Significant vegetation Hydrology, site drainage, water table Geology and soils Topography Climatic conditions, including sun, wind Wildfires Wildlife habitat Noise and other nuisances

Answer 173

Maintenance period by contractor is usually 90 days to 1 year. Contractor responsible for plant materials (water, fertiliser) Care of planting areas (mulch, weed) Pest,disease control and replacement of dead plants Adjustment of irrigation equipment Sometimes landscape contractor is awarded a contract to maintain site in a long distance

Answer 174

Irrigation Controllers - to regulate time and duration that each valve provides water to the devices in a distinct zone. Could be connected to weather sensor.

Answer 175

the rate at which water moves through soil

Answer 176

area of land that has a 1% chance of the flood in any given year

Answer 177

Preservation - entails repairing, altering, or adding to an existing historic resource to accommodate a compatible use. Should preserve all features that contain historic or cultural merit.

Answer 178

is generally understood to be a planning tool or document that can coordinate future growth, development, and investment within a given community. A holistic, project-wide idea, encompassing the full complement of disciplines involved in the project. Should reflect critical contextual relationships. future land use recreational open space vehicular circulation, transportation architecture sustainability circulation

Answer 179

Sight line Adequate topo (8-10%, avoid 10% and more if possible) Adequate lane widths (path 8-12, lane 5-6) Safe intersections Signage, markings, striping Adequate drainage Pavement to meet the climate Integration with existing bicycle network

Answer 180

8-12 ft Dedicated lanes, separated from vehicles by open space or barriers within existing roadway Max 2% cross slope, 1.5% ideal Typically paved with asphalt (concrete is more expensive, gravel is less durable, and concrete joints create disruptions)

Answer 181

- Enhanced aesthetics - Reduced construction costs - Reduced environmental impacts - convenience for site users

Answer 182

A community relationship to the local economy Desired industries or other economic drivers Location and characteristics of sites identified for redevelopment Public resources that can/will be dedicated toward redevelopment efforts Public-provate coordination strategy Implementation plan and performance monitoring

Answer 183

Create generative systems, foster resiliency Ensure future resource supply and mitigate climate change Transform the market through design, development, maintenance practices Enhance human well-being and strengthen community

Answer 184

High: Pervious concrete, Porous asphalt, Brick Natural stone Medium: Concrete, asphalt (cheaper than concrete), turf block, concrete unit pavers Low: Gravel, Wood mulch, Cobbles

Answer 185

Pervious materials Dimensions of parking stalls could be reduced Dimensions of parking aisles could be reduced Total parking quantities could be reduced by integrating mass transit to the site. 45-degree stalls are narrower than 60 and 90 degrees 90-degree stalls accommodate the most amount of cars.

Answer 186

Promote a sense of community Protect cultural and historic resources Reduce crime and increase public safety Provide equitable access to public services Increase access to outdoor recreation Minimise negative impacts to adjacent properties

Answer 187

first design drawings that are specific to the site.3 key elements - open space, circulation, development pods, and activity zones

Answer 188

Use passing vehicular traffic as a surveillance asset. In front yards, use waist-level, picket-type fencing along residential property to encourage surveillance. Avoid poorly placed lights that create blind-spots Ensure potential problem areas are well-lit. Avoid glare. Use shoulder-level, open-type fencing along lateral residential property lines between side yards and extending to between back yards to promote social interaction between neighbours. Provide trees in residential areas. Well maintained landscaped Avoid cyclone fencing and razor-wire fence topping Clarify legitimate pathways and suppress illicit ones. Use low, thorny (колючий) bushes beneath ground level windows. Eliminate design features that provide access to roofs or upper levels Use a locking gate between front and backyards. Use substantial, high, closed fencing (for example, masonry) between a backyard and a public alley. Planting trees with canopies that start 7-8’ above the ground with low shrubbery (3’ or less) provides some privacy screening.

Answer 189

Indemnification - hold harmless clauses drafted in contract

Answer 190

- Groundwater recharge - Sediment stabilization - Flood attenuation - Water quality maintenance - Wildlife habitat - Climate moderation - Shoreline protection

Answer 191

Any portion of the flood in excess of the base flood elevation (measure in feet)

Answer 192

Neighborhood parks (1-10 acres) Large Urban Parks Regional Park Parkways Greenways

Answer 193

Market analysis Literature review User demand studies Stakeholder interviews Analysis of relevant precedents Client objectives (desired users, special features, design styles) Project budget

Answer 194

Turf Grass + Non abrasive, comfortable Good drainage Low installation costs - Difficult to maintain under heavy use Requires significant resources input (water, fertillizer)

Answer 195

+ Very durable Natural weathering - Moderately expensive to install Can be slippery in wet weather Colors and patterns can be difficult to match

Answer 196

Master valve and flow sensor - to protect system from the line break by shutting off water to the irrigation system when none of the zone valves are operating. Flow sensor detects leaking.

Answer 197

Physical and suggested physiological/ social barriers that define a space for the purpose of surveillance and control and consists of: Territory Access Surveillance

Answer 198

most important factor in determining site design Spot elevations - are highly accurate readings shown for specific points Contour lines - lines on topo map that establish the elevation at any point along the line. Accurate to 0.5 the contour interval.

Answer 199

One party owe another party a duty Breach of performance of that duty Someone must be harmed by this breach of performance Clear relationship between the harm and the breach of performance

Answer 200

Aluminium PVC Steel Imported granite Asphalt Kiln-dried lumber Bricks Local granite Concrete Gravel Sand

Answer 201

- Designed to serve multiple municipalities - Thousands of acres - Cross multiple political boundaries - Typically oriented around significant natural resource - Amenities correspond to assets within the park - Connections to major transportation network - Integration into regional multi-user trail - Amenities necessary for day use (restrooms, seating area, water fountains)

Answer 202

Site design on cold climates - Locate uses and structures along southern orientation (SSE to SSW) to promote solar gain in winter - Avoid northern entrances - Block winter winds with mixed deciduous and evergreen plants - Use earthwork, walls or structures to divert cold NE/NW winter winds - Promote cooling summer winds - Provide afternoon shade during summer months using deciduous trees

Answer 203

Identify storm pulses Deduce that storm pulse higher after development Time lag between precipitation event and storm pulse is reduced by development

Answer 204

First flush- is the initial surface runoff from impervious surface with high concentration of pollution compared to the remainder of the storm

Answer 205

protection from third party lawsuits, including property damage, bodily injury. Always carried by contractors and LA. Most contracts necessitate that liability coverage be obtained because the owner often shifts additional risks to the contracted party. property damage, bodily injury

Answer 206

+ Very durable, hard and dense Can support heavy traffic - Relatively expensive to install Can be difficult to work with shape

Answer 207

Grey water, type of reclaimed water, (hand washing, clothes washing, bathing, light pollution), usually used in combination with drip system Cistern and water harvesting (collect rainwater, usually connected to roof drain or other impervious surfaces) Detention cistern(release water into the system after peak stormwater passes) vs non potable rainwater collected, filtered and stored for later:irrigation, cooling system, toilets etc Key components: catchment area, conveyance and filtering system, cistern, distribution system. Purple pipe system - reclaimed water usually provided in separate water system that has to be in pink pipes. Black water

Answer 208

Usually used on large scale sites or complex projects. Provide time and capacity required to accommodate planned growth. Allows the real estate market to adjust to new growth and provide level of service.

Answer 209

* Notice of Intent * Project Description and Scope * Purpose and Need * Alternatives to the Proposed Project * Affected Environment * Environmental Consequences * Comments and Coordination * List of Preparers * Record of Decision

Answer 210

Spray Irrigation + tree bubblers (GPM gallons per minute) Rotor-Style irrigation Drip Irrigation (GPH gallons per hour) More efficient than spray/rotor systems Requires filtration system Requires specialised control valves Requires air relief and drainage valves Operate at considerably lower pressure than spray systems Water metre (measure amount of water used by a specific property/location) Most conventional irrigation systems use potable water →water meter connected to the same municipal mains Backflow Preventer Master Valve Flow sensor Irrigation Controller Weather Sensor Irrigation WIring Isolation valves Automatic control Valve Quick coupler valve Valve Box Irrigation piping (PVC Sleeving Fertigation

Answer 211

defamation (Клевета) of character and thus include published defamatory statement(libel) and spoken defamatory statement (slander)

Answer 212

Message (of the graphic, how it will be perceived) Medium (hat type of graphics best to use to communicate the message) Audience Setting Time (the amount of available time)

Answer 213

+ Economical surfacing of materials Range of colors - Requires replenishment every few years depending on level of use Allow weed growth Requires edging

Answer 214

* Foster a sense of control in patients * Easily accessible * Provides privacy * Allows for social support * Allow for physical movement and exercise * Provide access to nature and other distractions

Answer 215

proof that the contractor/consultant has obtained the required insurance. The type of insurance, limits of coverage and the duration may be specified in contract

Answer 216

Primary goals of the site master plan: - outlining a phased growth plan for future site development - identifying max development potential for a site - highlighting critical cultural and environmental resources to ensure that future development preserves these site assets - considering how sustainable site design measures can be incorporated - incorporate public feedback into site development

Answer 217

composed of 2 elements - straight lines and arcs road alignment should be as direct as possible all straight lines should be tangent to any arcs longer curved tend to be safer abrupt changes in the road should be avoided

Answer 218

Cold climate - stress on materials, especially sanding, salting, plowing. Granite curbs are the most resilient to this Salt weather is highly corrosive, stainless steel is the best metal suited to use near ocean Non slip materials should be used in areas with high precipitation or near water features, water bodies

Answer 219

Preserve predevelopment stormwater volume Treat, re use , infiltrate stormwater on site Improve water quality by reducing non point source of pollution Lower peak stormwater frequency and duration Manage precipitation during extreme weather to reduce downstream flood risk Reduce erosion, stream siltation (заиление ручьев) and downstream scouring (очистка ниже по течению Reduce potable water demand Stormwater management should be treated as a n opportunity to provide habitat, provide sites with unique character, improve aesthetics, increase recreation

Answer 220

streets designed and operated to enable safe use and support mobility for all users, regardless of their mode of transportation.

Answer 221

right of passage Installation or maintenance of utility

Answer 222

additional time encouraging exploration integrate input of other teams developing project goals diagramming the design process determining performance targets

Answer 223

100 ft - Well-spaced and pruned trees - Trees and shrubs should be spaced at least 10 ft apart - Plants should be removed if density is too high - Tree branches that are within 6 ft of the ground/ 1/3 of live crown height should be removed

Answer 224

Preservation (def) - is the process of applying measures to protect the existing form, integrity, and materials of a historic property, structure, or resource. it will **prioritize maintenance rather than the replacement** of features or new construction.

Answer 225

- At least 20 acres, 40 acres to be ideal - Broader range of uses to larger population - Serve multiple neighbourhoods, framed smt as regional destination - Connect to existing circulation network - Could be a start of regional trail systems/greenways

Answer 226

type of land development regulation that uses the physical form of the built environment as its primary organising principle. Used to promote high-quality urban design, unlike zoning not oriented around controlling allowed uses within a given area.

Answer 227

Public has difficulty understanding plan view drawings, tech drawings Photographs and photo-realistic renderings are the most effective way to communicate visual info Tech and specialist language should be avoided Ensure that graphics, visual aids are written in clear language and that font size is readable No single presentation style fits all situations

Answer 228

Plan - an adopted statement of policy in the form of text, maps, graphics, used to guide public and private actions that affect the future. All plans are developed in response to a series of goals and objectives.

Answer 229

Opportunities and Constraints- impact on site design: The compatibility of adjacent land uses, existing infrastructure, natural features, cultural factors can affect the planning and development of a site.

Answer 230

Minimize disturbance. Does not drain in wetlands or water bodies. Make parking convenient, near entrances. No more than 700ft (⅛ mile), ADA spaces closest to the building entrances. Flat sites (1-5%) No dead ends Separate pedestrians and vehicles. Create safe drop-offs Parking should be located behind the building to have a better street experience

Answer 231

min slope for proper drainage: 2% athletic field 1-2% (1% preferred) sidewalks 1-5%, 2% cross slope streets 1-10%, max 20% parking lots 2-3% (5 max) sitting areas 1% (max 2%) lawns 5-10% (max 25%) townhouses and other multi-family residential are well suited to accommodate 5-10%

Answer 232

+ Range of colors Easy to install Versatile, durable, year-round use Low life-time maintenance Hard, resilient surface Adaptable to a variety of shapes - Joints are required Difficult to color evenly and permanently Can disintegrate if not properly installed Reflect lights/glare Can easily crack

Answer 233

person, entity, or organization with an interest or concern in a specific activity, action, outcome 1 - members of the public 2 - special interest groups 3 - government agencies 4 - elected officials

Answer 234

in northern climates acidic soils rich deposits of organic material diversity of vegetation

Answer 235

Quantify specific resources (e.g. % of land in development that will be set aside for open space) Location and accessibility of desired resources Balance of resources Environmental protection Sustainability and maintenance Coordination with broader police initiatives Inventory of existing g assets Demand assessment based upon projected trends Surplus and deficiency analysis to identify development opportunities Implementation plan targeted at addressing deficiencies

Answer 236

Preventing adequate site drainage, including groundwater recharge Precluding the use of septic systems Complicating subsurface excavation Requiring waterproofing for building foundations and subsurface structures.

Answer 237

- Fall zone - area around play equipment where protective surface is required - Play areas segregated according to age - Protection from circulation, adequate distance away from roads and vehicles - Multi-user trails, bicycle paths etc do not intersect with play areas - Clear entries and exits. They should be located along pedestrian paths only. - Substantial buffering - Incompatible uses: industrial areas, railroad tracks, water features, busy roads, prominent intersections - Safe and easy access to associated buildings - Clear line of sight between playground and adjacent adult activities - Variety of microclimates: both sunny and shady - Account for wind

Answer 238

similar to urban plans, yet they translate the concerns of a comprehensive plan to a smaller scale. address detailed goals, policies, and guidelines related to land uses in a specific neighborhood.

Answer 239

Address improvements to and investment in a transportation network with an explicit goal of increasing safety and accessibility. TP are used to: Evaluate system capacity, deficiencies and needs Establish goals and objectives Define and prioritize future needs Develop, evaluate, select potential solutions Prepare, adopt plan including public review and comment Implement, monitor and evaluate plan performance

Answer 240

30 ft bounding protection zone 100 ft building buffer zone Best fire management - proactive removal of fuel and creating a landscape that provides a fire-resistant buffer surrounding all structures. - vegetation free or only low growing, fire-resistant plant species. - site furniture - nonflammable - no bark mulch

Answer 241

If the built design meets the needs of the owner and site users

Answer 242

* Rock and soil volume swell when blasted or excavated. * Rock swells about 50% when blasted. * Soil swells from 12% for sand and gravel to 20% for loam and 25% for clay. These percentages of soil swell are important when estimating loading and hauling costs to or from the site. * Blast rock does not shrink under compaction * Base rock shrinks about 10% under compaction due to fines present. * Soil shrinks under compaction by 12-20% with 15% being an average. (sand=less shrinkage, clay=more shrinkage) This also varies depending on the degree of compaction relative to maximum density at optimum moisture content. Note that these shrinkage figures for compacted soil are calculated based on the raw cut volume (the cut measured prior to figuring in swelling). A common rule of thumb is that the amount of cut measured should be reduced by 15% to account for shrinkage during compaction as fill. Therefore, **you need more cut than fill to balance earthwork on a site**

Answer 243

Automatic control valve - control valves communicate with controller to regulate the flow of water within specific section. Control valves for drip systems are not compatible for spray/ror irrigation and vice versa.

Answer 244

Source and type Direction and distance that noise travels from Duration and intensity of the noise

Answer 245

- they tend to generate noise, traffic, other negative impacts, like light pollution - SHOULD NEVER BE SITED adjacent to RESIDENTIAL USES, then need a buffer in between. - located on sites >20 acres (40-80) -access from main vehicular routes - flat topo -supporting amenities as restroom, bleacher seating, picnic areas etc

Answer 246

Avoid vague languages Avoid hold harmless clauses Avoid guarantees, warranties, certification clauses that require LA to take responsibility for things beyond their control

Answer 247

- SF 1-2% or dead level with substantial under-drainage. - apart from the baseball field (NE orientation) all other best-oriented north-south orientation

Answer 248

- Should accommodate a range of users including hikers, runners, bicyclists, skaters, broad range fitness levels, graduate difficulty of access. - Main trail network should be paved and designed 5% or less, to meet ADA. Primary for recreation. SAFETY: interaction between bicyclists and walkers. EIther sufficient width or divide them. All trails should have signage.

Answer 249

Any previously developed land that has not been in use All brownfield sites require a Phase I environmental assessment (prior to the sale of the property) to identify presence of any site contamination. Phase II requires identifying the location and remediation method and restrictions to land uses

Answer 250

Valve box - plastic housing that contains 1 or more control valves, located underground have a lid.

Answer 251

The littoral shelf is a shallow area in a water body that is planted with native aquatic vegetation. Plantings located in the littoral shelf are used to filter out the nutrients and improve water quality

Answer 252

- Executive summary, goals, and objectives - Description of planning and public outreach strategy - Description of existing conditions (restricted to transportation and land use) -Summary of transportation needs - Projections of future conditions - Development scenarios to meet future conditions - Cost implications and potential funding sources - Implementation plan and [erformance monitoring

Answer 253

Community Visioning Charrettes Public Meetings (Informational meetings, public hearings, advisory meetings, workshops, open house, problem-solving meetings)

Answer 254

Regional Plans - differ from CP in that they cover geographic areas that cross jurisdiction of government units. Could be defined as watershed boundaries, transportation network etc. All regional plans will contain maps and implementation programs.

Answer 255

the downward movement of water in a soil

Answer 256

consensual agreement that restrict what can be done with private property. Usually private parties impose covenants, the constitute valid contracts, legally enforceable, could forbid to hang laundry outside.

Answer 257

Comprehensive plans (CP) establishes a government’s policy for the long term future development (20-30 years). Establish a series of non-binding policy goals. CP are used to: Organise large-scale processes Coordinate decision making at the local level Provide general guidance to landowners, developers, stakeholders Promote informed decision-making Establish direction and consensus related to future development

Answer 258

Protect the environment Restore the environmentally degraded areas Reuse already-developed sites Build compact walkable spaces Conserve resources

Answer 259

Principal arterial (major arterials, highways) Minor arterial (provide continuous routed through urban landscapes) residential sites do NOT have access to minor arterial Collector - connect local streets with minor arterial, residential sites MAY have access to collector Local - usually short and include numerous traffic control divices

Answer 260

Synthesize data from the site analysis Continue to develop and evaluate the proposed site program and design intent Consider design alternatives Draft a design brief based on design intent Establish performance metrics and key design principles Evaluate relationships among programmatic elements Conceptual level estimate of construction costs Preliminary phasing plan Determine if Interdisciplinary coordination is needed

Answer 261

Reconstruction - involves using new construction to accurately depict the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving historic resource.

Answer 262

Zinc Aluminium Galvanised steel MIld steel, cast iron Lead Tin (олово) Brass (латунь), bronze Copper Silver solder (Серебряный припой) Stainless steel SIlver Graphite Gold

Answer 263

overabundance of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous) in water, leading to plant growth like algae. Results from fertilizer runoff

Answer 264

On site: Physical conditions Regulations and standards Open space (protect natural resources) Boundary interface with off-site properties Off-site: - Neighbourhood community, regional character - Nuisances (like highway that produces noise) - Number and location of site entrances - Presence of significant views

Answer 265

occurs in water due to excessive carbon dioxide or the presence of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. due to air pollution or large scale climate changes processes

Answer 266

- Sediment basins - Sediment traps - Filter fabric fencing - Straw bale barriers - Drain inlet protection traps - Vegetated filter strips

Answer 267

for high-stake and complex projects Charrettes - intense design activity when multidisciplinary design team works closely with a group of stakeholders to develop elements of a plan General plan vision-->initial plan concept 1,2,3-->ppublic input-->refined plan 1,2-->public review-->final plan-->Public Confirmation

Answer 268

- ecosystem based strategy on long term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques (biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, use of resistant varieties). Techniques should minimise risks to human health, beneficial and non-targeted organisms, and the Environment. growing a healthy crop that can withstand pest attacks, using disease-resistant plants, or caulking cracks to keep insects or rodents from entering a building.

Answer 269

- Existing fuel load - Weather - Topography

Answer 270

Cost-plus-time bidding, more commonly referred to as A + B bidding, reduces total construction cost by making time a factor, in addition to cost, when awarding a contract.

Answer 271

- Engaging stakeholders - creating an atmosphere of mutual respect - creating a forum for meaningful discussion - embracing a diversity of viewpoints - sharing and receiving information - incorporating public feedback into the design project - saving time and money through all of the above (mitigating conflict)

Answer 272

private or civil wrong, not criminal in nature. Usually settled throw common law interpretations. Torts result from a specific action or failure to act and in this sense violate social norms. Usually related to physical damage, injuries, destruction of property

Answer 273

Topography Soils Vegetation types Extent of past flood flows

Answer 274

5 min walk (¼ mile/400m) Applied around bus stops as the maximum distance a typical person will be willing to walk 10 min wal (½ mile or 800m) People are willing to walk further to access rail systems. It also linked to public health goals and applied to neighbourhood parks. CDC considers 10 minute wals to be a cornestone of health - therefore park within 10 minutes walk of every resident. Pedestrian Shed in LEED LEED for Neighborhood Development defines walkability in this way, awarding points “if 50% of dwelling units are within a 1/4 mile walking distance of a bus, streetcar, or rideshare stop, or with a 1/2 mile walking distance of at least one bus rapid transit stop, light or heavy rail station, or commuter ferry terminal. “

Answer 275

defined by their hydrology, soils, presence of specific vegetation. 1.Marine (open ocean) 2. Estuarine (tidal waters of coastal rivers) 3. Riverine 4. Lacustrine (lakes, reservoirs) 5. Palustrine (marshes, wet meadows, fens, bogs, swamps) Salt marshes -the most important, productive ecosystem types

Answer 276

Incandescent 10-25 Fluorescent 40-80 Mercury Vapor 25-60 Induction 63-70 Metal halide 65-105 White high-pressure sodium 75-80 High Pressure sodium (STP) 60-120 Low Pressure sodium 70-150 LED

Answer 277

Negligence - failure of one person to exercise sufficient care or precaution to protect the health and safety of another person. Must compromise health, safety.

Answer 278

that helps identify the flood risk in a certain area. The BFE is the expected water level rise during a flood with a 1% chance of occurring in any given year.

Answer 279

retaining , evaporation and infiltrating runoff created by development Preserving existing hydrological features (wetlands, floodplains) Limiting area disturbed by construction Controlling stormwater at its source Discouraging large, continuous areas of impervious surface Lengthening the flow path of stormwater and distributing drainage across pervious and vegetated areas Encouraging use of non structural drainage infrastructure (planted swales, rain gardens)

Answer 280

type of wetlands characterized by herbaceous vegetation no taller than 6'

Answer 281

- Being a component found within other plan documents - How progress will be measured - Funding and other financial considerations

Answer 282

Lumens: A quantitative measurement of light energy emitted from a source. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. Footcandle: A quantitative measurement that considers the amount of light falling on a point. One footcandle equals one lumen cast upon a square foot area. Efficacy: Ability of a lamp to convert watts into light energy (lumens produced per watts consumed) Efficiency: Used interchangeably with efficacy.

Answer 283

Actively involve community in the design process Provide a platform to offer input, thereby improving plans, decision making Facilitate dialogue Encourage exploration Provide transparency in decision making Develop project goals Establish performance targets

Answer 284

Defensible Space Natural Access control Territorial Reinforcement Natural Surveillance Management and maintenance

Answer 285

refers to the point on a hill just below the top of the hill that offers greatest visibility of the slope below.

Answer 286

-clarify the project's purpose, goals, requirements - determine the site selection criteria, including factors such as access, utilities, size - identify potential sites - evaluate the suitability of each site, weighing the environmental, economic, and social opportunities and constraints - rank and prioritize the selected sites - select the most suitable site and develop a site selection report to document the results - conduct feasibility studies to determine items such as market analysis, design concepts, project costs

Answer 287

700ft (⅛ mile) maximum distance that people are willing to walk, while UDS refers to ¼-½ mile as a pedestrian shed. Separation - pedestrian systems should be designed to minimize pedestrian conflicts with vehicles and cyclists. Substantial access to pedestrian-only areas. When pedestrians and vehicles/cyclists intersect - pedestrian areas should be clearly identified through signage, pavement changes, other markings Connectivity - the interruptions of the pathway should be minimized. Capacity - pathway widths should correspond to hierarchy, accommodate anticipated traffic Accessibility - should serve all users, direct access from parking to walkways, and entrances. Surfaces and grading are safe for all weather conditions., rest areas are provided. Amenities - furnishing, signage, lighting, vegetation, special material treatment)

Answer 288

Sediment basins Sediment traps Filter fabric fencing Straw bale barriers Drain inlet protection traps Vegetated filter strips

Answer 289

Stairs are the main obstacle Any level change - potential hazard Ramps and stairs should be provided together if possible Handrails are critical for accessibility Tactile warnings along edge and furniture of can not be detected with guide cane Bollards should never be placed in the centre of the main flow Chain barriers are especially dangerous Seating, restrooms, shade. Water fountain make site easier to navigate ADA Measurements: 90 degree: Parking spot 9’x18’ + 5’ strip 45 degree: 16’x9’ +5’

Answer 290

They are preceded by pre-notification Contain clear, non-technical language Have a well delineated purpose Are concise and make use of graphics if needed Are not overly difficult or time-consuming

Answer 291

water, microclimate, air quality, sound soils and amendments water vegetation society and culture economics

Answer 292

relationship between the gross square footage of the building and the size of the lot

Answer 293

defines entry points, barrier to limit access to a specific site. Limiting access decreasing opportunities for the crime

Answer 294

Ecological benefits Human benefits (wind, harsh light, heat, humidity) Heat Island effect reduction Larger trees produce more shade (scale of plants) Seasonal impact (deciduous trees provide shade in summer and no in winter) Windbreakers should be located on the north part of the site If there are trees on the south part - they should be deciduous to benefit from passive heating in winter) Vegetation on east has little impact on the microclimate West - receives the most amount of sun in summer

Answer 295

Visually Impaired: * Tactile cues (truncated domes, special textures in crosswalks, color standards for ramps and signage) * Audible cues (chirping crosswalks) * Eliminate hazards in paths of travel * Standards for color contrast in signage Elderly or Impaired Mobility: SGLA LARE Prep Course Section 3 30 * Minimize litter-producing plants to keep pavements safe * Provide social spaces that allow wheelchair-bound users to interact with walkers, especially at tables, benches, other amenities * Provide accessible path serving significant destination points * Playgrounds: Provide “transfer stations” allowing easy access to structures and activities for wheelchair-bound children

Answer 296

- Weather, microclimate, air quality (ex: temperature, noise) - Soils and Amendments (physical, particle syze, distribution, chemical, biological (organic matter)) - Water (Stormwater quantity, quality (pollutants, pH)) - Vegetation (growth rate. Rooting depth, nutrient levels, disease, pestes, biomass density index) - Society and Culture (comfort, safety, accessibility) - Economics (revenue generation, cost savings)

Answer 297

Site Master Plan Address CP into the scale of a site. SM goals are: Outlining a phased growth Identifying max development for site Highlight critical cultural and environmental resources Considering how sustainable site design measures could be incorporated Incorporate public feedback in sire development

Answer 298

-provide play areas that are segregated according to age -clear entry and exit points - site away from incompatible uses (busy roads, lakes, industrial uses, intersections, water features) - safe and easy access to associated buildings - clear line of sight - variety of microclimates - account for wind

Answer 299

provides additional protection to contractors by supplementing the limits of liability offered by underlying liability policies. To extend the limit of liability coverage and uses the limits of a basic liability policy as the deductible amount.

Answer 300

Expansive soil Liquefaction Differential subsidence (дифференциальная просадка) Settlement Landslide

Answer 301

is precipitation that runs off the lands surface and flows downhill

Answer 302

- Southern slopes receive the most sun in winter - Southeastern slopes offer the most desirable microclimates - North facing slopes are colder than south facing - Western slopes are hottest in the summer - Cold winter winds blow from the northwest - Cooling summer breezes blow from the southwest - Water features mitigate climate extremes (act as heat sink in the winter and provide cooling effect during summer)

Answer 303

new site circulation absolutely must connect to the existing one align entries and exits visible entries and exits site circulation should have a hierarchy facilitate wayfinding Hospitals do not follow these site circulation principals

Answer 304

Soils that swell when exposed to large amounts of water and shrink when the water evaporates. Large ration of clay. Better to find alternative construction site.

Answer 305

Irrigation wiring - connects valves with the controller. Two-wire irrigation system allows to connect valve to one another, so additional valves could be installed without massive excavation.

Answer 306

* Avoid or minimize tree removal, especially significant trees * Minimize or avoiding stream crossings except where needed * Respect setbacks from streams, lakes and wetlands * Avoid placing development in or near sensitive habitat areas * Protect historic/geological/archeological features * Floodplains * Floodplains do not have setbacks. They are lines on a map. * You are prohibited from placing enclosed structures within floodplains. * Road and trail crossing are permitted if needed. * Playfields at the master plan/concept plan level are permitted in floodplains

Answer 307

сточные воды

Answer 308

Optics: A description of the light distribution pattern for a given light fixture.

Answer 309

* Mainly used by engineers * Primarily for linear systems such as roads and pipelines * Take a series of cross sections at regular intervals * Measure the end area of cut and of fill at each section * Multiply by the distance between sections

Answer 310

Best for fairly minimal grade changes, flat areas, or highly architectural situations. Rather more work than contour planes method.

Answer 311

Lumens: A quantitative measurement of light energy emitted from a source. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. Footcandle: A quantitative measurement that considers the amount of light falling on a point. One footcandle equals one lumen cast upon a square foot area. Efficacy: Ability of a lamp to convert watts into light energy (lumens produced per watts consumed) Efficiency: Used interchangeably with efficacy. Photometrics: Graphic and numeric representation of light levels produced by a given light fixture and lamp. Often shown as a contour interval plan. A photometric analysis can be generated for an entire site design; the light levels are often represented in a grid of points. Optics: A description of the light distribution pattern for a given light fixture. “Type II” is a common asymmetrical distribution for use along paths or roads; “Type IV” is an asymmetrical distribution for lighting a large area from its edge; “Type V” is a circular distribution for fixtures used in the middle of plazas and parking lots Color rendering: quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source Incident Illumination: The amount of light reaching a surface. Voltage Drop: Gradual decrease in voltage that occurs along the length of a 12-volt power feed wire.

Answer 312

**Complete streets** is a transportation policy and design approach that requires streets to be planned, designed, operated and maintained to enable safe, convenient and comfortable travel and access **for users of all ages and abilities regardless of their mode of transportation.**

Answer 313

Mesophytes - plant with moderate consumption of water Hydrophytes - adapted to living in watery conditions. Xerophytes - are the opposite of hydrophytes, and are plants adapted for living in extremely dry conditions

Answer 314

Class 1 - Shared use paths separate from auto traffic. Includes greenways, off-road paths, and multi-use recreational trails. Class 2 - Bike lanes and roadbed shoulders. One-way routes that flow along with traffic (two-way bike lanes on one-way streets sometimes.) Separated from auto traffic by painted lines Class 3 - Cyclist shares the roadway environment with motor vehicles.

Answer 315

Building Entry - Active Use 50 lux/ 5 FC Streets - Residential 5 lux/ 0.5 FC Park Walkways 5 lux/ 0.5 FC Roadways - Commercial & Mixed 10 lux/ 1 Building Entry - Infrequent Use 10lux/ 1 FC Front Walk to Houses 10lux/ 1 FC Self-Parking Lots 10 lux/ 1 FC Recreational Basketball 100 lux/ 10 FC Class I Football 1000 lux/ 100 FC

Answer 316

Incident Illumination: The amount of light reaching a surface

Answer 317

1 acre=43560 sq ft = 4840 sq yards 1 cubic yard = 27 sq ft = 46656 sq inch 1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inch A cubic yard of materials can cover 100 sq ft at 3 inch deep

Answer 318

Pollarding is a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, which promotes the growth of a dense head of foliage and branches.

Answer 319

Pleaching or plashing is a technique of interweaving living and dead branches through a hedge creating a fence, hedge or lattices.

Answer 320

Espaliering is the technique of growing a woody plant on a flat plane using the plant's trunk and limbs to form a pattern against walls, fences or other structures, or as a freestanding work of botanical art anywhere in the yard.

LARE Section 3 Flashcards

(347 cards)