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Cardio > Large animal cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Large animal cardiovascular disease Flashcards

1
Q

How do LA cardiac ptx usually present?

A

often non-specific clinical complaint
decreased muscle mass or milk production
increased resp. rate/effort
decreased exercise tolerance

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2
Q

What is crucial info when approaching LA cardiac ptx?

A

signalmnt
onset
duration/progression of chief complaint
diet and supplements
housing envr.
repro status
deworming programme
hx of illness
presence of other animals with similar signs

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3
Q

What does pale mucous membrane indicate?

A

anaemia
decreased CO

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4
Q

What does hyperaemic mucous membranes indicate?

A

secondary to spesis
peripheral vasodilation
hyperdynamic output

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5
Q

What does prolonged CRT indicate?

A

diminished cardiac output and/or shock

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6
Q

What can jugular pulses/fill indicate?

A

pulses higher than lower 1/3 are abnormal
distention and increased pulsation: Rheart abnormality/arrhythmia

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7
Q

What does ventral (brisket) oedema indicate?

A

common sign of heart failure (R>L)

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8
Q

What do hyperkinetic pulses indicate?

A

increase systolic pressure, decreased diastolic pressure or both

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9
Q

What do hypokinetic pulses indicate?

A

diminution of cardiac output, systemic vasodilation in shock

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10
Q

What does muffled sounds indicate on auscultation?

A

pericardial/pleural effusion

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11
Q

What does washing machine murmur indicate on auscultation?

A

gas/fluid/fibrin within pericardium

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12
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium that results in fluid/exudate accumulation between visceral and parietal pericardium

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13
Q

What are the causes of pericarditis?

A

trauma
haematogenous spread (septicaemia)
extension of lung/pleural infection
viral infection
neoplasia
mare reproductibe loss syndrome: actinobacillus
idiopathic

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14
Q

What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

A

TPR is from penetration of the reticulum by a foreign body

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15
Q

What are the possible outcomes of an ingested object in LA?

A
  1. attach to magnet previously administered
  2. penetrate reticular wall without entering peritoneal cavity causing focal reticulitis/mild dz
  3. perforate reticular wall/entrance to peritoneal cavity causing acute localised TRP
  4. perforate reticular wall/entrance to peritoneal/thoracic cavity causing pericarditis, myocarditis, abscess, vagal indigestion, etc.
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16
Q

What are the early clinical signs of traumatic pericarditis?

A

fever
anorexia
depression
cranial abdominal, reticular, thoracic pain
elbows abducted, reluctant to move
positive williams test, bar test and pinch test

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17
Q

What are the later signs of traumatic pericarditis?

A

Rsided constrictive heart failure
venous congestion
peripheral oedema

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18
Q

What are the cardiovascular clinical signs of traumatic pericarditis?

A

tachycardia
muffled heart sounds
+/- washing machine murmur
venous distention
raised jug pulse
waek pulses

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19
Q

What are the consequences of fluid in the pericardial sac?

A

leads to cardiac compression
when pressure in sac is greater than heart = reduced ventricular filling and diastolic dysfunction
RCHF

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20
Q

What is the use of bloodwork, xray and ultrasound in diagnosing traumatic pericarditis?

A

Blood: suggestive but absence of abnormalities doesnt rule it out
xray: limited to referral practices, useful to ID FB, see enlarged heart
US: dtecet abnormal reticular body, pericardial effusion

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21
Q

What is the tx for traumatic pericarditis?

A

removing FB or preventing further trauma/penetration (magnet)
thoracotomy and marsupialisation of pericardial sac with lavage and debridement

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22
Q

What is the most common cardiac tumour in LA?

A

lymphosarcoma

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of cardiac neoplasia?

A

Nonspecific: depend on site of tumour and other sites of manifestation
anorexia, depression, weight loss, fever

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24
Q

What are signs of cardiac neoplasia when there is pericardial involvement?

A

tachycardia
pain
jugular distention
peripheral oedema
weak pulses

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25
Q

What are the signs of cardiac neoplasia when there is myocardial involvement?

A

tachycardia
cardiac arrhythmias
cardiac murmur
CHF: peripheral oedema, ascites, diarrhoea

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26
Q

What causes lymphosarcoma in cattle?

A

bovine leukemia virus
cardiac involvement common with adult/enzootic form
NOTIFIABLE DISEASE

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27
Q

What are the common characteristics of lymphoma?

A

predilection for RA myocardium
RAP increases, jug distention

pericardial effusion, often haemorrhagic
Rside HF
cytology w/neoplastic cells

28
Q

What causes pericarditis in pigs?

A

haemophilus/glaesserella parasuis (glasser’s dz)
strep. suis

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of pericarditis in pigs?

A

fever
depression
fibrinous poly serositis
effusions in CNS, pleura. peritoneum and synovia

30
Q

What causes pericardial effusion in horses?

A

majority are idiopathic
minority are infectious
- equine viral arteritis (notifiable) equine influenza
- strep. pneumoniae, e.coli, actinobacillus equuli
- tend to develop fibrinous effusion

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of pericardial effusion in horses?

A

venous distention
ventral oedema
muffled heart sounds
pericardial friction rubs (difficult to hear)
pleural effusion: dyspnoea, dullness on percussion, smaller lung field on auscultation

32
Q

What tools can we use to diagnose pericardial effusion in horses?

A

echocardiography: fluid +/- fibrin in pericardial sac, compression of cardiac chambers
ECG: small complexes
Cytology of fluid

33
Q

What is the tx and prognosis of pericardial effusion in horses?

A

repeated pericardial drainage and lavage +/- antibio esp. if RA is collapsing

good provided tx is early and aggressive
constrictive dz may occur in chronic cases

34
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale?

A

secondary to pulmonary hypertension
leads to RV hypertrophy, dilation or failure

35
Q

What are the causes of Cor Pulmonale?

A

High mountain disease/high altitude disease/brisket disease
chronic pulmonary disease
equine chronic/severe asthma

36
Q

What are clinical signs of Cor Pulmonale?

A

subQ oedema of brisket, ventral thorax, submandibular areas and limbs
lethargy
weakness
bulging eyes
diarrhoea
collapse and death
jugular pulse/distention
dyspnoea, tachypnoea
Split S2
murmur: tricuspid regurg. or pulm. ejection

37
Q

What is tx and prognosis or cor pulmonale?

A

if high altitude sickness, move to lower pasture
prognosis usually hopeless because of underlying chronic irreparable lung pathology

38
Q

What are 3 types of vascular dz?

A

aneurysms
embolism
thrombosis

39
Q

What are aneurisms?

A

vascular dilations: weakening of outer elastic coat of blood vessels

40
Q

What causes aneurysms?

A

trauma
sepsis
parasites
ageing
degenerative vascular disease

41
Q

What is an embolism?

A

foreign material carried in the bloodstream

42
Q

What causes embolism?

A

often from thrombus but can include catheters and other FB

43
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

formation of clot that obstructs blood flow in the circulatory system

44
Q

What causes thrombosis?

A

trauma
venous stasis
catheterization
needle penetration
thrombogenic solutions
bacterial contamination
cellulitis
lymphangitis

45
Q

What is thrombophelbitis in horses?

A

pain, swelling thickening of vein
ususally associated with catheter or after its removal

46
Q

When are horses more at risk for thrombophlebitis?

A

if animal is sick or hypercoagulable state

47
Q

What are signs of thrombophlebitis?

A

pain
swelling
thickening of vein
bilateral jugular veneous thrombosis can lead to marked swelling of head
can lead to embolism/showering fever, murmur

48
Q

What is the tx for thrombophlebitis?

A

remove catheter
hot packing
broad spectrum AB
anti-inflammatory drugs
anti-coagulant therapy

49
Q

Why is prompt tx of bacterial endocarditis vital?

A

large proliferative “vegetative” lesions may develop, limiting prospects for return to normal valve function

50
Q

What organisms cause bacterial endocarditis in ruminants?

A

enterococci
streptococci
actinomyces pyogenes

51
Q

What area of the heart is affected by bacterial endocarditis in ruminants?

A

tricuspid and pulmonc valves
RV endocardium

52
Q

What organisms cause bacterial endocarditis in horses?

A

pasteurella
actinobacillus
streptococci
rhodococcus equi

53
Q

What areas of the heart are affected by bacterial endocarditis in horses?

A

mainly mitral and aortic (mitral more)
tricuspid valve usually only following jugular thrombophelbitis

54
Q

What organisms cause bacterial endocarditis in pigs?

A

staph aureus
actinobacillus suis
erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

55
Q

What area of the heart is affected by bacterial endocarditis in pigs?

A

mitral, aortic
usually PM findings

56
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis?

A

CHF with murmur
fever
cardiac murmur
tachycardia
tachypnoea

57
Q

What is the lab findings with bacterial endocarditis?

A

hyperfibrinogenaemia/SAA
anaemia
leucocytosis

58
Q

What is the tx for bacterial endocarditis?

A

broad spectrum AB based on sensitivity
tx of farm animals usually not economically viable

59
Q

What is the prognosis for bacterial endocarditis?

A

guarded even after bacterial cure
permanent structural damage to valve
septic emboli may shed to distant sites

60
Q

What is Equine Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH)?

A

bleeding from lungs during exercise
blood detected on trachea-bronchoscopic exam after exercise or RBC in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

61
Q

What does EIPH cause?

A

accumulation of varying volumes of blood in pulmonary interstitium and airways
occurs in majority of thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses and in many others undergoing strenuous exercise

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of EIPH?

A

Epistaxis
poor performance
US/XR changes to thorax
coughing
increased RR
resp. distress
behavioural changes

63
Q

What happens pathophyiologically in EIPH?

A

pulmonary capillary stress failure, the capillary transmural pressure exceeds the threshold value
during exercise circulating blood volume can increase up to 50% due to splenic reserve of RBCs

64
Q

What part of the lungs is primarily affected and why in EIPH?

A

caudo-dorsal lobes
higher blood flow
mehanical forces highest
displacement of diaphragm causes fall in alveolar pressure = greater transmural capillary pressures

65
Q

What are predisposing conditions to EIPH?

A

in young TBs its a physiological response to strenuous exercise
prevalence increases with age and in males
conditions that increase pulmonary vasc. resistance: lower resp tract dz, upper resp tract obstruction, cardiac dz

66
Q

How do we treat EIPH?

A

identity + tx any predisposing URT, LRT, cardiac dz
break haemorrhage-inflammation cycle (modify training, dust-free, furosemide)

67
Q

What is the prognosis of EIPH?

A

good to fair if spontaneous and has minimal impact on performance or if associated with resp. infection/predisposing cause that can be identified + treated

poor for idiopathic bleeders with performance limitations

Cardio (11 decks)

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