Large Animal Surgery Exam II Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
Leaving as much bone as possible during digit amputation in cattle provides
A
Soft tissue support
2
Q
Penile Anesthesia
A
Pudendal nerve block Dorsal penile nerve block Local infiltration
3
Q
In choke in cattle if loss of saliva
A
Metabolic acidosis
4
Q
Iris adheres to lens
A
Posterior synechiae
5
Q
A
Ligating Dividing stapler (LDS)
6
Q
Treatment of apical sesamoid fractures
A
If proximal up to 1/3 arthroscopic removal. Internal fixation if larger
7
Q
Initial treatment of choke in cattle
A
Decompress rumen (Red Devil Trocar) Hold off feed and water until resolved
8
Q
What the what is this?
A
Power Dehorner
9
Q
Dehorning method used in younger calves with no sinus opening. Dehorner must fit around horn button. Heat until copper
A
Thermal (Cautery) dehorning
10
Q
Treatment for spavin. Destroys cartilage by superheating and vaporizing synovial fluid. Less pain post op. Has less fusion of the distal tarsal joints
A
Laser facilitated ankylosis
11
Q
Rear leg local block in cattle. Extend needle straight through extensor tendon to bone and will block.
A
Deep peroneal nerve
12
Q
Success rate for forelimb pastern arthrodesis
A
81%
13
Q
Superior to wire fixation for midbody sesamoid fracture repair
A
Screw fixation with arthroscopic guidance
14
Q
DJD of distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal joints. Predisposes to osteoarthritis
A
Bone spavin
15
Q
Argument for older castration
A
Better growth, claim that Callicrate is humane.
16
Q
Most common fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones
A
Apical fractures
17
Q
A
End End Anastomosis (EEA)
18
Q
A
Lichty Teat Knife
19
Q
Hypopyon
A
Inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye
20
Q
A small osteophyte proximal dorsolateral MTIII
A
Grade II Bone Spavin
21
Q
Esophageal procedure done standing, lateral/ventrolateral approach. 2 layers incision- muscular and mucosa/submucosa. PDS to close bury in lumen.
A
Cervical esophagotomy with Primary repaie
22
Q
Surgical treatment for rectal tears. Anesthetized horse in dorsal recumbencyI. Lubricated ring passed and placed with circumferential sutures.
A
Indwelling liner
23
Q
When placing internal fixation on splint bone fracture
A
Do not engage MCIII, will persist lameness. Must remove plate 3-4 months post op if it is engaged
24
Q
When applying a block to cattle
A
Make block flush with wall, extend to the heal, and block before blood.
25
How long can tourniquet be left on for local anesthesia of limb
2 hours.
26
Initial treatment for rectal tears
Antibiotics, Flunixin, intravenous fluids, reduction of rectal motility, epidural anesthesia, packing of rectum
27
Fibrous mass between digits due to chronic irritation in cattle. Becomes ulcerated and painful. Males are more common
Interdigital hyperplasia. (Corns)
28
75% of proximal phalanx fractures are
in the forelimb
29
Inability to extend penis
Phimosis
30
Three places to get pulse on horse
Facial artery, transverse facial, and dorsal metatarsal artery (runs between MT and splint)
31
Prognosis for rumenotomy if FB doesnt penetrate thoracic cavity or involve the right side of reticulum
Good
32
Newberry knife
33
Amputation of rear lateral digit
Increases stress on the medial digit. Opposite for the forelimb
34
Rear leg local block in cattle. Several branches between extensions and skin. 1-inch SC block over extensor tendon will block this nerve
Superficial peroneal nerve
35
Callicrate band
36
Cattle with traumatic reticulopericarditis usually die of
Constrictive pericarditis
37
Diagnostic tool that is sensitive but non specific. Details cortical bone disease and stress fractures
Nuclear Scintigraphy
38
Causes of preputial orfice ulcer
Hair clipped to short Urine accumulates Urease producing organism produce ammonia Ulceration, secondary infection
39
Surgical repair for rectal tear. Fresh, clean lesion close to anus. Epidural used. Stay sutures in the anus. Suture with TA90 or blindly
Direct suture repair
40
What technique is this for pastern arthrodesis
Diverging double plate technique
41
Grade IIIb rectal tear involves
Mesorectum and retroperitoneal tissue
42
Causes mild to severe lameness in cattle.
Toe lesions
43
Causes of splint bone fractures
Hyperextension of fetlock (closed) and external trauma (open)
44
Treatment of deep digital sepsis in cattle
Drill away area or remove digit above P3. Can use abaxial approach as well.
45
Bone spavin is common in
Western performance horses
46
Inability to retract penis
Paraphimosis
47
Conformation with bone spavin
Sickle hocked
48
Causes of bone spavin
Chronic repetitive compression, torsion, or shear strains
49
Treatment for bone spavin. Drill out using drill bit or laser. Or use 70% ethanol.
Ankylosis of TMT and DIT joints
50
Digit amputation in cattle can be used to treat
Injury or sepsis distal to P1
51
Provides tensile strength for closure of esophageal surgery
Mucosa/submucosa
52
Most rectal tears are located
Dorsally and longitudinally, 5-55 cm from anus.
53
Common cause of hind limb lameness
Bone spavin
54
Treatment for Grade I and II rectal tears
Antibiotics and Flunixin sufficient for Grade I Soften feces
55
A large osteophyte proximal dorsolateral MT III bone
Grade IV Bone Spavin
56
Anesthesia in dehorning
2% Lidocaine- reduces stress associated Flunixin Meglumine Meloxicam- Once, meat withholding time
57
Grade IV rectal tears involves
All layers into abdomen, may be associated with prolapse of small colon or small intestine throughout defect
58
What is this. Used to hook rumen and allows exteriorization of rumen for incision during rumenotomy
Rumen Board
59
Prognosis for rumenotomy if FB penetrates diaphragm
Poor
60
Differential diagnosis for right sided heart failure in cattle
Traumatic reticulopericarditis Endocarditis Lymphosarcoma Mediastinal mass
61
Surgical treatment for rectal prolapse. Reduced risk of stricture incision. Preserves inner mucosa and submucosa. Creates plane toward caudal aspect of prolapse.
Stair Step Amputation
62
When performing surgery on trachea in cattle
Oval skin incision. Sharp excision of circoid and 3 rings.
63
V
Sagittal (Axial)
64
Cause of fracture to the first phalanx
Torsion with axial weightbearing
65
Type IV rectal prolapse
Rectum/colon intussusception through anus
66
Hugs teat tumor extractor
67
Treatment for sandcrack in cattle
Debridement of the crack. Wire pulling crack together
68
Treatment for arytenoid chondritis in cattle
Medical management, sodium iodide
69
Artificial insemination bulls. Typically occurs after return from Lay off period. Possibly related to atrophy of lamina interna of prepuce
Preputial Avulsion (Penile Laceration)
70
Sinusitis treatment cattle
Open drainage and lavage. Trephine holes in sinus. Lavage with large volumes
71
Gastro intestinal anastamosis (GIA)
72
When placing screws for P1 fracture repair
Most proximal screw within 5 mm of sagittal groove to align the articular surface
73
When to disbud buck kids
3-5 days
74
How to extend penis in adult bulls
Sedation: Xylazine, Acepromazine Pudendal Nerve Block
75
Congenital or acquired in cattle. Poison hemlock and Nicotiana spp. Can cause. Results in regurgitation of milk.
Cleft Palate
76
Best time to castrate bulls
1-3 months of age. Welfare considerations. With growth implants animals grow as well as intact bulls
77
Up to ____ return to soundness after surgical ankylosis for treatment of spavin
85% Usually takes 7.5 months
78
IV
Abaxial
79
Indications for pastern arthrodesis
High ring bone Pastern luxation Fracture second phalanx Septic arthritis of the pastern
80
Facilitated alkylosis in cattle recommended for
Heavy animals, Hind lateral digit sepsis, front medial sepsis
81
When to disbud Doe kids
5-7 days
82
Type of rectal prolapse that requires celiotomy and possible resection for treatment
Type IV
83
Causes sinusitis unrelated to dehorning
Pasteurella multocida
84
After P1 fracture cast the limb for
2-6 weeks. Prognosis dependent of resultant fetlock and pastern DJD
85
Contributes to complications post op with esophageal surgery
Lack of serosa
86
Fracture that involves origin of all distal sesamoidean ligaments. Poor prognosis, lag screw fixation is challenging.
Basilar sesamoid fracture
87
Structures involved in septic DIJ in cattle
P3, P2, Navicular busra/bone, DDFT/sheath, PIJ
88
When placing plate for pastern arthrodesis
Osteostixis in subchondral bone. 2.5mm drill bit. Extend foot and 3 hold plate placed on dorsal surface, 2 holes in P1 and 1 hole in P2. Place 2 screws.
89
What is this conformation
Cow hocked
90
III
Basal
91
Requires internal fixation repair. Use lag screw and circumferential cerclage wire.
Midbody sesamoid fracture
92
Main principles of PIP arthrodesis
Removal of all articular cartilage Maintenance of rigid stability in the joint
93
Correction for penile avulsion
Prompt surgery is best option. Conservative treatment has more complications
94
Why choose surgical ankylosis
Value of animal, weight of animal, digit affected, longer production potential
95
Type I rectal prolapse
Only mucosa projects through anus
96
Cornell Teat curette
97
Iris adheres to cornea
Anterior synechiae
98
Ferris Smith Ronguers. Used in arthroscopy
99
Digit amputation in cattle used for non infectious disease
Closed technique
100
How to close esophagotomy in cattle
If healthy- close If compromised- 2nd intention and daily wound care. No food 24-48hr after may need rumen fistula.
101
Septic arthritis of DIJ in cattle usually presents in
4.4 weeks
102
What is this
Trephine for sinus lavage
103
Success rate for Hindlimb pastern arthrodesis
95%
104
Padding under tourniquet during local IV anesthesia of limb prevents
Neuropraxia
105
Closure of rumenotomy
2 layer inverting closure. Change gloves and instruments.
106
Immediate relief of chronic bloat (type I vagal indigestion). Provides direct feeding into the rumen, reversible
Temporary rumen fistula
107
Surgical technique for pastern arthrodesis
Transarticular lag screws and Dorsal plate
108
Layers of esophagus
Adventitial layer Muscular layer Submucosa Mucosa NO serosa
109
How to distinguish erection failure from ventral deviation
Contrast cavernosography
110
Grade II rectal tear includes
Muscular layer, mucosa and submucosa may prolapse into defect and provide site for fecal impaction
111
Sole abscess treatment in cattle
Block "good" digit Dish sole to redistribute weight Trim affected claw to size Debridement- remove all detached sole (Corium must be flush with sole)
112
Uvea includes
Iris, ciliary body, choroid
113
Rectal tears are most common in
Horses
114
Surgery to remove vitreous humor of eye. Treatment for recurrent uveitis
Vitrectomy
115
Treatment for spavin. Decreases rotational and shearing forces. Excellent outcome
Cunean Tenectomy
116
Stress fracture. Usually in 3 year olds. Fissure extends through 60% of dorsal cortex at 30d angle proximally.
Bucked shins/Dorsal cortical fractures. If curves back (Saucer fracture)
117
Arteries involved in dehorning
Cornual artery Branch of superficial temporal artery Dorsal and ventral corneal artery
118
Uveitis
Inflammation of entire vascular tunic
119
Prevelant world wide. 12% of all horses, Common in Appaloosas. Could be bacteria (lepto), Virus, or parasitic (onchocerca). Pain and photophobia. Symptoms include conjunctivitis, hypopyon, miosis
Equine recurrent uveitis
120
When removing residual distal splint bone
Do not remove more than distal 2/3 of the splint bone. If you do, will need internal fixation proximal to fragment.
121
Disadvantages of digit amputation in cattle
Expected production life decreased. Poor response in heavier animals. Poor cosmetic result. Average survival post amputation is 2 years
122
A medium osteophyte distomedial central tarsal bone
Grade III Bone Spavin
123
When placing TA screws for pastern arthrodesis
Enter joint 1/2 way between dorsal and palmar cortices. Drill glide hole in P1 with 5.5 mm bit. P2 with 4.0 mm bit. Tap.
124
Approach for surgical pastern arthrodesis
Inverted T incision. Dissect through SC to CDE tendon, elevate skin triangles and retract. Transect CDE with V incision. Remove bony proliferation on dorsal surface
125
Iatrogenic rectal tears in horses occur most often from
Straining against operators hand and arm during exam
126
Suspensory desmitis may cause
Persistent lameness
127
Signs of traumatic reticulopericarditis
Tachycardia with muffled heart sounds (washing machine murmur) GI Issues (7 days, febrile pain) Right side heart failure
128
In show rams that are overweight. Resist conservative treatment and require surgical excision
Decubital ulcer in Rams
129
How to cosmetic dehorn
Elliptical incision, elevate skin, Ob wire removes horn, control hemorrhage, lavage and close
130
Solar surfaces faces axially and weight bearing on axial wall in cattle. Conformation defect, mostly rear leg lateral claw. Linked to laminitis
Corkscrew claw
131
Treatment for lumpy jaw in cattle
Surgical resection. Long term PPG, Tetracyclines, Iodides and antibiotic beads.
132
Technique for digit amputation in cattle. No skin flap used
Open technique
133
I
Apical
134
Anesthesia for dehorning in goats
Cornual branch- infratrochlear SC over orbit And lacrimal 1/2 between eye and horn Use sterile water in lidocaine to avoid toxicity
135
TA (Thoracoabdominal)
136
Used in local IV anesthesia of limbs
Esmarch tourniquet
137
What does blocking a claw do in cattle
Reduces weight bearing on abnormal claw, only apply to healthy trimmed claw with flat sole and clean wall. Retain block for 4-6 weeks. Oak is best, pine last less than 2 weeks. Plastic must be removed and can cause extended wear
138
In choke in cattle if cant eructate
Bloat
139
Sinus most likely to have issues after dehorning
Frontal. Extends into horn at 4-6 months old
140
Surgical repair for rectal tear. Preferred over end-colostomy. Indicated if tear greater than 25% diameter or \>50cm from anus. Use low left flank. Cradle as post care.
Loop Colostomy
141
Aligator forceps
142
Surgical correction for minor constriction in penis/ cicatrix
Longitudinal incision, suture transversely
143
Spiral Teat curette
144
II
Mid body
145
If tissue compromised, perform esophagostomy. Do this
Place NG tube, secure and leave for 7-10 days until stoma formation. Allow to heal by 2nd intention
146
Digit amputation in cattle is less successful on the
Medial digit of the thoracic limb and lateral digit of pelvic limb. Also less success with higher body weight
147
Closed technique for digit amputation in cattle. Use gigli wire suture in place. Place bandage before removing tourniquet
Skin flap technique
148
Spavin test in lameness evaluation
Proximal limb flexion for 90 sec
149
Surgical repair for rectal tear. Protects tear and allows to heal spontaneously. May use suture. Make liner by gluing palpation sleeve or similar to rectal prolapse ring, perform caudal midline celiotomy. Secure liner oral to tear
Temporary indwelling rectal liner
150
Damage to periople. Most common in beef and front lateral claw, in cows that are older with high body condition. Can become infected and have granulation tissue
Sandcrack (Vertical Fissure)
151
Causes of septic arthritis in cattle
Pododermatitis, White line disease, Periarticular wound, interdigital wound, interdigital necrobacillosis
152
Occurs in young horses, Usually MC III. Caused by direct trauma, ligamentous inflammation. Lame initially with firm swelling. Treat with rest and NSAIDS or en bloc removal and excellent bandaging post op
Splint exostosis
153
A very small osteophyte distolateral central tarsal bone
Grade I Bone Spavin
154
Egress canula. Used in arthroscopy
155
Causes Lumpy Jaw. Gram + filamentous bacteria that produces sulphur granules
Actinomyces bovis
156
Treatment for Grade III rectal tear
Frequent manual removal of feces. Peritoneal lavage
157
Indications for rumenotomy
Chronic bloat, FB, Reticular abscess, Type II vagal indigestion (failure of omasal transport)
158
Prognosis for rumenotomy if FB involves right side of the reticulum
Guarded
159
Type II rectal prolapse
Prolapse of all layers of rectum
160
What is this conformation
Camped under
161
Can be as good as arthroscopy for detecting subchondral lesions. Sensitive and specific for exam of soft and hard tissues in joints
MRI
162
Salvage procedure. Used to repair complete rupture of SDF, DDF, and Suspensory ligaments, septic arthritis.
Fetlock Arthrodesis
163
Verres Neddle for Laproscopy
164
Mechanism of an erection
Vascular dilation Muscle contraction (Bulbospongiosus and Ischiocavernosus) Deep artery of penis
165
Splint bone fractures may be treated with
Rest alone.
166
Type III rectal prolpase
Small colon intussuscepts into rectum
167
When dehorning must include
1cm ring of haired skin
168
Used in calves \<8 weeks old.
Tube Gouge dehorner
169
Treatment for corns in cattle
Tilt table, sedate, Local block Treat underlying cause if infected. 2nd intention healing. Consider wiring closed. Prevent with improved hygiene and hoof trimming
170
How to extend penis in young bulls
Manually
171
Grade IIIa rectal tear involves
All layers except serosa
172
Used for disbudding
Scoop Dehorner
173
Has minimal articulation and weight transfer with 4th tarsal bone
MT IV
174
Nerves involved in dehorning
Cornual nerve Branch of zygomaticotemporal nerve
175
VI
Comminuted
176
Caused sinusitis related to dehorning
Trueperella pyogenes
177
Done with a medial approach distal to cunean tendon. Treatment for spavin. Use 3.2mm then 4.5 mm drill bit. Create 3 drill tracts at 30d diverging angles
Transarticular drilling
178
Surgery for septic arthritis in cattle. Longer surgery, technically demanding, slow to return to production. Use trephine to create arthrotomy, culture and remove bone and cartilage, lavage, bandage
Facilitated Alkylosis
179
Dehorning method used in younger calves, no sinus opening. Caustic paste is used 3-7 days
Chemical dehorning
180
Complications with using an elastrator for castration
Discomfort and tetanus
181
Preparation for rumenotomy
Off feed 24-36 hours, Single dose pre-op antibiotics, Left flank approach, Clean contaminated procedure.
182
Used to dehorn large horns. Not used often
Keystone Dehorner
183
How to treat corkscrew claw in cattle
Hoof trimming. Slope sole
184
Closed system of corpus cavernosum in penis. Extremely high blood pressure
Deep artery of the penis
185
Used to remove fluid during rumenotomy
Kingman tube. Uses gravity
186
Grade I rectal tear includes
Mucosa and submucosa
187
Preferred technique for PIP joint arthrodesis
Plate application
188
Burdizzo
189
Placed in upper left paralumbar fossa and remove 5cm x 3 cm skin circle when placing. Suture rumen in mattress pattern and need 1 inch sticking out of incision. Secure with 35ml syringe casing.
Temporary rumen fistula
