Large animals and Special Species DOC

Question 1

DOC Rabbit: sedation/light anesthesia

Answer 1

Midazolam + Butorphanol + Ketamine

Question 2

T/F. Anesthesia in rabbits is more beneficial when Telazol is added

Answer 2

False. NEPHROTOXIC!

Question 3

DOC Rabbit: induction drugs

Answer 3

Propofol or alfaxalone. Used after sedation.

Maintain with Iso/Sevo

Question 4

T/F. Masking without sedation in rabbits takes long and unlikely to result in adequate depth for intubation without significant CV/pulmonary depression.

Answer 4

True.

Question 5

How do you intubate rabbits?

Answer 5

PRONE TO LARYNGEAL SPASM.
Lidocain spray/drops, extend neck.
Blind intubation (Confirm with ETCO2).
If procedure is short, maintain with mask but cannot assist ventilation.
Supraglottic device: block the esophagus to enter trachea.

Question 6

How do you maintain Rabbits on Anesthesia?

Answer 6

ISO/Sevo (non-rebreathing), 5-10 mg/kg/hr fluids, Assist ventilation (rabbits will hyperventilate).

Question 7

What do you monitor rabbits with?

Answer 7

SpO2, Doppler, ETCO2 (if intubated)

Question 8

What is normal HR and RR for rabbits?

Answer 8

HR: 120-200
RR: 20-30

Question 9

T/F. You need to keep all animals warm under anesthesia.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

DOC rabbits: Recovery/Analgesia

Answer 10

Buprenorphine or meloxicam

Question 11

When do you extubate rabbits?

Answer 11

When they start moving head/swallow.

Question 12

T/F. Fasting is necessary for ferrets.

Answer 12

False. Fasting unnecessary (want to avoid hypoglycemia).

Question 13

DOC Ferrets: Premedication

Answer 13

Hydro/oxymorphine/buprenorphine + midazolam + ketamine

Question 14

DOC Ferrets: Induction

Answer 14

IV propofol, alfaxalone, or ketamine + midazolam.

Question 15

How do you maintain ferrets under anesthesia?

Answer 15

Maintain on Iso/Sevo; 5-10 ml/kg/hr fluids + dextrose (if needed); keep warm; IPPV.
SpO2 (hand, tongue), follow trends for BP, ECG. Keep warm

Question 16

What is normal HR in ferrets?

Answer 16

HR: 120-200

Question 17

DOC ferrets: Recovery/Analgesia

Answer 17

Buprenorphine, butorphanol, meloxicam

Question 18

T/F. Must encourage eating ASAP for ferrets and rabbits.

Answer 18

True.

Question 19

T/F. Injectable techniques used for anesthesia but high doses needed to produce immobilization due to high metabolic rates in RATS.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Which vein is used for IV access in rats?

Answer 20

Lateral tail vein

Question 21

Why is it the best to give SC to GUINEA PIGS?

Answer 21

Self mutilation can happen with IM.

Question 22

T/F. Guinea pigs must be fasted before anesthesia.

Answer 22

False. Guinea pigs MUST NOT BE fasted. Also, remove food from cheek pouches.

Question 23

What is the best sedation/Analgesia used in guinea pigs before induction?

Answer 23

Midazolam

Question 24

What is the only opening in guinea pigs between the oral pharynx and more proximal aspect of pharynx for intubation?

Answer 24

Palatal ostium

Question 25

What is the normal HR in rats? Guinea pigs?

Answer 25

Rat: 250-350 | Guinea pigs: 150-250

Question 26

T/F. Heart sounds in reptiles are auscultated base of heart.

Answer 26

False. HEART SOUND CANNOT BE AUSCULTATED IN REPTILES.

Question 27

Which monitor demonstrates blood flow in reptiles?

Answer 27

Doppler

Question 28

T/F. Reptiles must be fasted prior to anesthesia.

Answer 28

True. Pre-op BW depends on condition (BLOOD GLUCOSE generally lower than small animals)

Question 29

Which drugs are used as premed in reptiles?

Answer 29

Midazolam IM. | Prolonged recovery always a concern with injectables. Use drugs that are reversible (slow metabolism).

Question 30

IV Access in Chelonians? Snake? Intraosseous catheterization?

Answer 30

Chelonians: jugular vein (bilateral, lateral surface of neck), dorsal coccygeal vein. Snake: ventral coccygeal vein. Intraosseous catherization: femur, tibial, distal humerus.

Question 31

T/F. Fill up a zip-lock bag with Iso/Sevo and wait 15-30 minutes. Reptiles need to be ventilated because they have long induction times.

Answer 31

True.

Question 32

Which meds are used to induce larger snakes/chelonians?

Answer 32

Propofol, alfaxalone (IV caudal vein)

Question 33

What is the pressure that you need to keep UNDER to avoid damage to fragile lungs in reptiles?

Answer 33

Under 15mmHg

Question 34

T/F. reflexes, RR, HR are needed to maintain reptiles under anesthesia.

Answer 34

False. These are not good indications (they can change with environment). ETCO2 best used with mainstream (use as trends)

Question 35

What is the normal HR for reptiles?

Answer 35

>30 but not less than 60% of conscious rate

Question 36

What are some general facts that you have to know before RABBIT anesthesia?

Answer 36

Increased muscle mass, fractures of back and hindlegs. Very small thoracic cavity (impediment form large GI volume) > anesthesia related respiratory depression (REQUIRES ASSISTED VENTILATION). 40% rabbits have the enzyme atropinase (short duration for atropine; Glycopyrrolate is better).

Question 37

T/F. Rabbits need to be fasted before anesthesia.

Answer 37

False. NOT FASTED!

Question 38

Where are the blood samples for rabbits taken? IV catheter?

Answer 38

Blood samples: jugular, lateral saphenous. IV catheter: cephalic vein, lateral saphenous. Ear veins not recommended in pet rabbits.

Question 39

What are complications for swine anesthesia?

Answer 39

Veins and arteries not readily accessible, limited sites for injections (fat), intubation difficult, resistant to alpha2, PORCINE STRESS SYNDROME

Question 40

Pigs. IV catheter placement.

Answer 40

Ear veins, lateral saphenous

Question 41

T/F. pigs must be fasted prior to anesthesia.

Answer 41

True. 12-24 hours prior (gas accumulation > distension > pressure on diaphragm > impede on ventilation)

Question 42

T/F. Easy to intubate in pigs.

Answer 42

False. Difficult to intubate (difficult to visualize larynx)

Question 43

T/F. Pigs are always on dorsal recumbency during intubation.

Answer 43

False. STERNAL

Question 44

Which animals require lidocaine to depress spasms of larynx?

Answer 44

Pigs

Question 45

How do you verify proper ET tube placement in pigs?

Answer 45

ETCO2 wave form (most reliable)

Question 46

Drugs used for standing procedure in bovine.

Answer 46

Xylazine(20mg/ml)/Detomidine IV + Butorphanol IV

Question 47

Which species need lidocaine for IV catheter (Thick hide)?

Answer 47

Bovine

Question 48

DOC for premed + induction for Bovine

Answer 48

Xylazine/Detomidine IV + Butorphanol IV + GG + thiopental/ketamine

Question 49

T/F. Ruminants can be moved to dorsal/lateral recumbency from sternal recumbency once induced with the drugs and before intubation.

Answer 49

False. KEEP ON STENAL UNTIL INTUBATION!

Question 50

DOC. Premed for small ruminants

Answer 50

Midazolam/ACE IM+ butorphanol IM

Question 51

Which drugs are used for recovery in small ruminants?

Answer 51

Flunixin, Buprenorphine IV. | Atipamazole IM/IV or Tolazeline IM > reversal effects.

Question 52

T/F. Left jugular vein is used in camelids for IV catheter/venous access.

Answer 52

False. Right jugular vein is used.

Question 53

DOC. Premed for camelids.

Answer 53

Xylazine IV + Ketamine IM OR Xylazine + Ketamine + Butorphanol IV (field)

Question 54

DOC. Induction in camelids.

Answer 54

Propofol or Ketamine with midazolam/ketofol.

Question 55

Phenylephrine is used in horses and camelids to reduce what condition?

Answer 55

Nasal edema. BOTH OBLIGATE NASAL BREATHER

Question 56

T/F. Rabbits must not be fasted prior to anesthesia. Rabbits require assisted ventilation because they have a very small thoracic cavity (anesthesia related respiratory depression common).

Answer 56

True.

Question 57

Which veins do you get blood samples from in rabbits?

Answer 57

Jugular, lateral saphenous.

Question 58

Which veins do you put in IV catheters in rabbits?

Answer 58

Cephalic, lateral saphenous (ears veins not recommended in pet rabbits).

Question 59

Where do you get blood samples in ferrets? Where do you get place catheters in ferrets?

Answer 59

Jugular (more lateral). ISO/SEVO produce profound decrease in RBC/WBC indices. Catheters: Cephalic, lateral saphenous.

Question 60

T/F. Reptiles have a high blood glucose than small mammals.

Answer 60

False. Lower blood glucose than small mammals.

Question 61

T/F. Prolonged recovery always a concern with injectables in reptiles due to slow metabolism.

Answer 61

True (always want to have a reversible agent).